/*
 * Copyright (c) 2001, 2011, Oracle and/or its affiliates. All rights reserved.
 * DO NOT ALTER OR REMOVE COPYRIGHT NOTICES OR THIS FILE HEADER.
 *
 * This code is free software; you can redistribute it and/or modify it
 * under the terms of the GNU General Public License version 2 only, as
 * published by the Free Software Foundation.
 *
 * This code is distributed in the hope that it will be useful, but WITHOUT
 * ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of MERCHANTABILITY or
 * FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE.  See the GNU General Public License
 * version 2 for more details (a copy is included in the LICENSE file that
 * accompanied this code).
 *
 * You should have received a copy of the GNU General Public License version
 * 2 along with this work; if not, write to the Free Software Foundation,
 * Inc., 51 Franklin St, Fifth Floor, Boston, MA 02110-1301 USA.
 *
 * Please contact Oracle, 500 Oracle Parkway, Redwood Shores, CA 94065 USA
 * or visit www.oracle.com if you need additional information or have any
 * questions.
 *
 */

#include "precompiled.hpp"
#include "gc_implementation/shared/adaptiveSizePolicy.hpp"
#include "gc_implementation/shared/gcPolicyCounters.hpp"
#include "gc_implementation/shared/vmGCOperations.hpp"
#include "memory/cardTableRS.hpp"
#include "memory/collectorPolicy.hpp"
#include "memory/gcLocker.inline.hpp"
#include "memory/genCollectedHeap.hpp"
#include "memory/generationSpec.hpp"
#include "memory/space.hpp"
#include "memory/universe.hpp"
#include "runtime/arguments.hpp"
#include "runtime/globals_extension.hpp"
#include "runtime/handles.inline.hpp"
#include "runtime/java.hpp"
#include "runtime/vmThread.hpp"
#ifdef TARGET_OS_FAMILY_linux
# include "thread_linux.inline.hpp"
#endif
#ifdef TARGET_OS_FAMILY_solaris
# include "thread_solaris.inline.hpp"
#endif
#ifdef TARGET_OS_FAMILY_windows
# include "thread_windows.inline.hpp"
#endif
#ifdef TARGET_OS_FAMILY_aix
# include "thread_aix.inline.hpp"
#endif
#ifdef TARGET_OS_FAMILY_bsd
# include "thread_bsd.inline.hpp"
#endif
#ifndef SERIALGC
#include "gc_implementation/concurrentMarkSweep/cmsAdaptiveSizePolicy.hpp"
#include "gc_implementation/concurrentMarkSweep/cmsGCAdaptivePolicyCounters.hpp"
#endif

// CollectorPolicy methods.

void CollectorPolicy::initialize_flags() {
  assert(max_alignment() >= min_alignment(),
      err_msg("max_alignment: " SIZE_FORMAT " less than min_alignment: " SIZE_FORMAT,
          max_alignment(), min_alignment()));
  assert(max_alignment() % min_alignment() == 0,
      err_msg("max_alignment: " SIZE_FORMAT " not aligned by min_alignment: " SIZE_FORMAT,
          max_alignment(), min_alignment()));

  if (MaxHeapSize < InitialHeapSize) {
    vm_exit_during_initialization("Incompatible initial and maximum heap sizes specified");
  }

  if (PermSize > MaxPermSize) {
    MaxPermSize = PermSize;
  }
  PermSize = MAX2(min_alignment(), align_size_down_(PermSize, min_alignment()));
  // Don't increase Perm size limit above specified.
  MaxPermSize = MAX2(max_alignment(), align_size_down_(MaxPermSize, max_alignment()));
  if (PermSize > MaxPermSize) {
    PermSize = MaxPermSize;
  }

  MinPermHeapExpansion = MAX2(min_alignment(), align_size_down_(MinPermHeapExpansion, min_alignment()));
  MaxPermHeapExpansion = MAX2(min_alignment(), align_size_down_(MaxPermHeapExpansion, min_alignment()));

  MinHeapDeltaBytes = align_size_up(MinHeapDeltaBytes, min_alignment());

  SharedReadOnlySize = align_size_up(SharedReadOnlySize, max_alignment());
  SharedReadWriteSize = align_size_up(SharedReadWriteSize, max_alignment());
  SharedMiscDataSize = align_size_up(SharedMiscDataSize, max_alignment());

  assert(PermSize    % min_alignment() == 0, "permanent space alignment");
  assert(MaxPermSize % max_alignment() == 0, "maximum permanent space alignment");
  assert(SharedReadOnlySize % max_alignment() == 0, "read-only space alignment");
  assert(SharedReadWriteSize % max_alignment() == 0, "read-write space alignment");
  assert(SharedMiscDataSize % max_alignment() == 0, "misc-data space alignment");
  if (PermSize < M) {
    vm_exit_during_initialization("Too small initial permanent heap");
  }
}

void CollectorPolicy::initialize_size_info() {
  // User inputs from -mx and ms must be aligned
  set_min_heap_byte_size(align_size_up(Arguments::min_heap_size(), min_alignment()));
  set_initial_heap_byte_size(align_size_up(InitialHeapSize, min_alignment()));
  set_max_heap_byte_size(align_size_up(MaxHeapSize, max_alignment()));

  // Check heap parameter properties
  if (initial_heap_byte_size() < M) {
    vm_exit_during_initialization("Too small initial heap");
  }
  // Check heap parameter properties
  if (min_heap_byte_size() < M) {
    vm_exit_during_initialization("Too small minimum heap");
  }
  if (initial_heap_byte_size() <= NewSize) {
     // make sure there is at least some room in old space
    vm_exit_during_initialization("Too small initial heap for new size specified");
  }
  if (max_heap_byte_size() < min_heap_byte_size()) {
    vm_exit_during_initialization("Incompatible minimum and maximum heap sizes specified");
  }
  if (initial_heap_byte_size() < min_heap_byte_size()) {
    vm_exit_during_initialization("Incompatible minimum and initial heap sizes specified");
  }
  if (max_heap_byte_size() < initial_heap_byte_size()) {
    vm_exit_during_initialization("Incompatible initial and maximum heap sizes specified");
  }

  if (PrintGCDetails && Verbose) {
    gclog_or_tty->print_cr("Minimum heap " SIZE_FORMAT "  Initial heap "
      SIZE_FORMAT "  Maximum heap " SIZE_FORMAT,
      min_heap_byte_size(), initial_heap_byte_size(), max_heap_byte_size());
  }
}

void CollectorPolicy::initialize_perm_generation(PermGen::Name pgnm) {
  _permanent_generation =
    new PermanentGenerationSpec(pgnm, PermSize, MaxPermSize,
                                SharedReadOnlySize,
                                SharedReadWriteSize,
                                SharedMiscDataSize,
                                SharedMiscCodeSize);
  if (_permanent_generation == NULL) {
    vm_exit_during_initialization("Unable to allocate gen spec");
  }
}

bool CollectorPolicy::use_should_clear_all_soft_refs(bool v) {
  bool result = _should_clear_all_soft_refs;
  set_should_clear_all_soft_refs(false);
  return result;
}

GenRemSet* CollectorPolicy::create_rem_set(MemRegion whole_heap,
                                           int max_covered_regions) {
  switch (rem_set_name()) {
  case GenRemSet::CardTable: {
    CardTableRS* res = new CardTableRS(whole_heap, max_covered_regions);
    return res;
  }
  default:
    guarantee(false, "unrecognized GenRemSet::Name");
    return NULL;
  }
}

void CollectorPolicy::cleared_all_soft_refs() {
  // If near gc overhear limit, continue to clear SoftRefs.  SoftRefs may
  // have been cleared in the last collection but if the gc overhear
  // limit continues to be near, SoftRefs should still be cleared.
  if (size_policy() != NULL) {
    _should_clear_all_soft_refs = size_policy()->gc_overhead_limit_near();
  }
  _all_soft_refs_clear = true;
}

size_t CollectorPolicy::compute_max_alignment() {
  // The card marking array and the offset arrays for old generations are
  // committed in os pages as well. Make sure they are entirely full (to
  // avoid partial page problems), e.g. if 512 bytes heap corresponds to 1
  // byte entry and the os page size is 4096, the maximum heap size should
  // be 512*4096 = 2MB aligned.

  // There is only the GenRemSet in Hotspot and only the GenRemSet::CardTable
  // is supported.
  // Requirements of any new remembered set implementations must be added here.
  size_t alignment = GenRemSet::max_alignment_constraint(GenRemSet::CardTable);

  // Parallel GC does its own alignment of the generations to avoid requiring a
  // large page (256M on some platforms) for the permanent generation.  The
  // other collectors should also be updated to do their own alignment and then
  // this use of lcm() should be removed.
  if (UseLargePages && !UseParallelGC) {
      // in presence of large pages we have to make sure that our
      // alignment is large page aware
      alignment = lcm(os::large_page_size(), alignment);
  }

  return alignment;
}

// GenCollectorPolicy methods.

size_t GenCollectorPolicy::scale_by_NewRatio_aligned(size_t base_size) {
  size_t x = base_size / (NewRatio+1);
  size_t new_gen_size = x > min_alignment() ?
                     align_size_down(x, min_alignment()) :
                     min_alignment();
  return new_gen_size;
}

size_t GenCollectorPolicy::bound_minus_alignment(size_t desired_size,
                                                 size_t maximum_size) {
  size_t alignment = min_alignment();
  size_t max_minus = maximum_size - alignment;
  return desired_size < max_minus ? desired_size : max_minus;
}


void GenCollectorPolicy::initialize_size_policy(size_t init_eden_size,
                                                size_t init_promo_size,
                                                size_t init_survivor_size) {
  const double max_gc_minor_pause_sec = ((double) MaxGCMinorPauseMillis)/1000.0;
  _size_policy = new AdaptiveSizePolicy(init_eden_size,
                                        init_promo_size,
                                        init_survivor_size,
                                        max_gc_minor_pause_sec,
                                        GCTimeRatio);
}

void GenCollectorPolicy::initialize_flags() {
  // All sizes must be multiples of the generation granularity.
  set_min_alignment((uintx) Generation::GenGrain);
  set_max_alignment(compute_max_alignment());

  CollectorPolicy::initialize_flags();

  // All generational heaps have a youngest gen; handle those flags here.

  // Adjust max size parameters
  if (NewSize > MaxNewSize) {
    MaxNewSize = NewSize;
  }
  NewSize = align_size_down(NewSize, min_alignment());
  MaxNewSize = align_size_down(MaxNewSize, min_alignment());

  // Check validity of heap flags
  assert(NewSize     % min_alignment() == 0, "eden space alignment");
  assert(MaxNewSize  % min_alignment() == 0, "survivor space alignment");

  if (NewSize < 3*min_alignment()) {
     // make sure there room for eden and two survivor spaces
    vm_exit_during_initialization("Too small new size specified");
  }
  if (SurvivorRatio < 1 || NewRatio < 1) {
    vm_exit_during_initialization("Invalid heap ratio specified");
  }
}

void TwoGenerationCollectorPolicy::initialize_flags() {
  GenCollectorPolicy::initialize_flags();

  OldSize = align_size_down(OldSize, min_alignment());
  MaxHeapSize = align_size_up(MaxHeapSize, max_alignment());

  // adjust max heap size if necessary
  if (NewSize + OldSize > MaxHeapSize) {
    if (FLAG_IS_CMDLINE(MaxHeapSize)) {
      // somebody set a maximum heap size with the intention that we should not
      // exceed it. Adjust New/OldSize as necessary.
      uintx calculated_size = NewSize + OldSize;
      double shrink_factor = (double) MaxHeapSize / calculated_size;
      // align
      NewSize = align_size_down((uintx) (NewSize * shrink_factor), min_alignment());
      // OldSize is already aligned because above we aligned MaxHeapSize to
      // max_alignment(), and we just made sure that NewSize is aligned to
      // min_alignment(). In initialize_flags() we verified that max_alignment()
      // is a multiple of min_alignment().
      OldSize = MaxHeapSize - NewSize;
    } else {
      MaxHeapSize = NewSize + OldSize;
    }
  }
  // need to do this again
  MaxHeapSize = align_size_up(MaxHeapSize, max_alignment());

  // adjust max heap size if necessary
  if (NewSize + OldSize > MaxHeapSize) {
    if (FLAG_IS_CMDLINE(MaxHeapSize)) {
      // somebody set a maximum heap size with the intention that we should not
      // exceed it. Adjust New/OldSize as necessary.
      uintx calculated_size = NewSize + OldSize;
      double shrink_factor = (double) MaxHeapSize / calculated_size;
      // align
      NewSize = align_size_down((uintx) (NewSize * shrink_factor), min_alignment());
      // OldSize is already aligned because above we aligned MaxHeapSize to
      // max_alignment(), and we just made sure that NewSize is aligned to
      // min_alignment(). In initialize_flags() we verified that max_alignment()
      // is a multiple of min_alignment().
      OldSize = MaxHeapSize - NewSize;
    } else {
      MaxHeapSize = NewSize + OldSize;
    }
  }
  // need to do this again
  MaxHeapSize = align_size_up(MaxHeapSize, max_alignment());

  always_do_update_barrier = UseConcMarkSweepGC;

  // Check validity of heap flags
  assert(OldSize     % min_alignment() == 0, "old space alignment");
  assert(MaxHeapSize % max_alignment() == 0, "maximum heap alignment");
}

// Values set on the command line win over any ergonomically
// set command line parameters.
// Ergonomic choice of parameters are done before this
// method is called.  Values for command line parameters such as NewSize
// and MaxNewSize feed those ergonomic choices into this method.
// This method makes the final generation sizings consistent with
// themselves and with overall heap sizings.
// In the absence of explicitly set command line flags, policies
// such as the use of NewRatio are used to size the generation.
void GenCollectorPolicy::initialize_size_info() {
  CollectorPolicy::initialize_size_info();

  // min_alignment() is used for alignment within a generation.
  // There is additional alignment done down stream for some
  // collectors that sometimes causes unwanted rounding up of
  // generations sizes.

  // Determine maximum size of gen0

  size_t max_new_size = 0;
  if (FLAG_IS_CMDLINE(MaxNewSize) || FLAG_IS_ERGO(MaxNewSize)) {
    if (MaxNewSize < min_alignment()) {
      max_new_size = min_alignment();
    }
    if (MaxNewSize >= max_heap_byte_size()) {
      max_new_size = align_size_down(max_heap_byte_size() - min_alignment(),
                                     min_alignment());
      warning("MaxNewSize (" SIZE_FORMAT "k) is equal to or "
        "greater than the entire heap (" SIZE_FORMAT "k).  A "
        "new generation size of " SIZE_FORMAT "k will be used.",
        MaxNewSize/K, max_heap_byte_size()/K, max_new_size/K);
    } else {
      max_new_size = align_size_down(MaxNewSize, min_alignment());
    }

  // The case for FLAG_IS_ERGO(MaxNewSize) could be treated
  // specially at this point to just use an ergonomically set
  // MaxNewSize to set max_new_size.  For cases with small
  // heaps such a policy often did not work because the MaxNewSize
  // was larger than the entire heap.  The interpretation given
  // to ergonomically set flags is that the flags are set
  // by different collectors for their own special needs but
  // are not allowed to badly shape the heap.  This allows the
  // different collectors to decide what's best for themselves
  // without having to factor in the overall heap shape.  It
  // can be the case in the future that the collectors would
  // only make "wise" ergonomics choices and this policy could
  // just accept those choices.  The choices currently made are
  // not always "wise".
  } else {
    max_new_size = scale_by_NewRatio_aligned(max_heap_byte_size());
    // Bound the maximum size by NewSize below (since it historically
    // would have been NewSize and because the NewRatio calculation could
    // yield a size that is too small) and bound it by MaxNewSize above.
    // Ergonomics plays here by previously calculating the desired
    // NewSize and MaxNewSize.
    max_new_size = MIN2(MAX2(max_new_size, (size_t) NewSize), (size_t) MaxNewSize);
  }
  assert(max_new_size > 0, "All paths should set max_new_size");

  // Given the maximum gen0 size, determine the initial and
  // minimum gen0 sizes.

  if (max_heap_byte_size() == min_heap_byte_size()) {
    // The maximum and minimum heap sizes are the same so
    // the generations minimum and initial must be the
    // same as its maximum.
    set_min_gen0_size(max_new_size);
    set_initial_gen0_size(max_new_size);
    set_max_gen0_size(max_new_size);
  } else {
    size_t desired_new_size = 0;
    if (!FLAG_IS_DEFAULT(NewSize)) {
      // If NewSize is set ergonomically (for example by cms), it
      // would make sense to use it.  If it is used, also use it
      // to set the initial size.  Although there is no reason
      // the minimum size and the initial size have to be the same,
      // the current implementation gets into trouble during the calculation
      // of the tenured generation sizes if they are different.
      // Note that this makes the initial size and the minimum size
      // generally small compared to the NewRatio calculation.
      _min_gen0_size = NewSize;
      desired_new_size = NewSize;
      max_new_size = MAX2(max_new_size, (size_t)NewSize);
    } else {
      // For the case where NewSize is the default, use NewRatio
      // to size the minimum and initial generation sizes.
      // Use the default NewSize as the floor for these values.  If
      // NewRatio is overly large, the resulting sizes can be too
      // small.
      _min_gen0_size = MAX2(scale_by_NewRatio_aligned(min_heap_byte_size()),
                          (size_t)NewSize);
      desired_new_size =
        MAX2(scale_by_NewRatio_aligned(initial_heap_byte_size()),
             (size_t)NewSize);
    }

    assert(_min_gen0_size > 0, "Sanity check");
    set_initial_gen0_size(desired_new_size);
    set_max_gen0_size(max_new_size);

    // At this point the desirable initial and minimum sizes have been
    // determined without regard to the maximum sizes.

    // Bound the sizes by the corresponding overall heap sizes.
    set_min_gen0_size(
      bound_minus_alignment(_min_gen0_size, min_heap_byte_size()));
    set_initial_gen0_size(
      bound_minus_alignment(_initial_gen0_size, initial_heap_byte_size()));
    set_max_gen0_size(
      bound_minus_alignment(_max_gen0_size, max_heap_byte_size()));

    // At this point all three sizes have been checked against the
    // maximum sizes but have not been checked for consistency
    // among the three.

    // Final check min <= initial <= max
    set_min_gen0_size(MIN2(_min_gen0_size, _max_gen0_size));
    set_initial_gen0_size(
      MAX2(MIN2(_initial_gen0_size, _max_gen0_size), _min_gen0_size));
    set_min_gen0_size(MIN2(_min_gen0_size, _initial_gen0_size));
  }

  if (PrintGCDetails && Verbose) {
    gclog_or_tty->print_cr("1: Minimum gen0 " SIZE_FORMAT "  Initial gen0 "
      SIZE_FORMAT "  Maximum gen0 " SIZE_FORMAT,
      min_gen0_size(), initial_gen0_size(), max_gen0_size());
  }
}

// Call this method during the sizing of the gen1 to make
// adjustments to gen0 because of gen1 sizing policy.  gen0 initially has
// the most freedom in sizing because it is done before the
// policy for gen1 is applied.  Once gen1 policies have been applied,
// there may be conflicts in the shape of the heap and this method
// is used to make the needed adjustments.  The application of the
// policies could be more sophisticated (iterative for example) but
// keeping it simple also seems a worthwhile goal.
bool TwoGenerationCollectorPolicy::adjust_gen0_sizes(size_t* gen0_size_ptr,
                                                     size_t* gen1_size_ptr,
                                                     size_t heap_size,
                                                     size_t min_gen0_size) {
  bool result = false;
  if ((*gen1_size_ptr + *gen0_size_ptr) > heap_size) {
    if (((*gen0_size_ptr + OldSize) > heap_size) &&
       (heap_size - min_gen0_size) >= min_alignment()) {
      // Adjust gen0 down to accomodate OldSize
      *gen0_size_ptr = heap_size - min_gen0_size;
      *gen0_size_ptr =
        MAX2((size_t)align_size_down(*gen0_size_ptr, min_alignment()),
             min_alignment());
      assert(*gen0_size_ptr > 0, "Min gen0 is too large");
      result = true;
    } else {
      *gen1_size_ptr = heap_size - *gen0_size_ptr;
      *gen1_size_ptr =
        MAX2((size_t)align_size_down(*gen1_size_ptr, min_alignment()),
                       min_alignment());
    }
  }
  return result;
}

// Minimum sizes of the generations may be different than
// the initial sizes.  An inconsistently is permitted here
// in the total size that can be specified explicitly by
// command line specification of OldSize and NewSize and
// also a command line specification of -Xms.  Issue a warning
// but allow the values to pass.

void TwoGenerationCollectorPolicy::initialize_size_info() {
  GenCollectorPolicy::initialize_size_info();

  // At this point the minimum, initial and maximum sizes
  // of the overall heap and of gen0 have been determined.
  // The maximum gen1 size can be determined from the maximum gen0
  // and maximum heap size since no explicit flags exits
  // for setting the gen1 maximum.
  _max_gen1_size = max_heap_byte_size() - _max_gen0_size;
  _max_gen1_size =
    MAX2((size_t)align_size_down(_max_gen1_size, min_alignment()),
         min_alignment());
  // If no explicit command line flag has been set for the
  // gen1 size, use what is left for gen1.
  if (FLAG_IS_DEFAULT(OldSize) || FLAG_IS_ERGO(OldSize)) {
    // The user has not specified any value or ergonomics
    // has chosen a value (which may or may not be consistent
    // with the overall heap size).  In either case make
    // the minimum, maximum and initial sizes consistent
    // with the gen0 sizes and the overall heap sizes.
    assert(min_heap_byte_size() > _min_gen0_size,
      "gen0 has an unexpected minimum size");
    set_min_gen1_size(min_heap_byte_size() - min_gen0_size());
    set_min_gen1_size(
      MAX2((size_t)align_size_down(_min_gen1_size, min_alignment()),
           min_alignment()));
    set_initial_gen1_size(initial_heap_byte_size() - initial_gen0_size());
    set_initial_gen1_size(
      MAX2((size_t)align_size_down(_initial_gen1_size, min_alignment()),
           min_alignment()));

  } else {
    // It's been explicitly set on the command line.  Use the
    // OldSize and then determine the consequences.
    set_min_gen1_size(OldSize);
    set_initial_gen1_size(OldSize);

    // If the user has explicitly set an OldSize that is inconsistent
    // with other command line flags, issue a warning.
    // The generation minimums and the overall heap mimimum should
    // be within one heap alignment.
    if ((_min_gen1_size + _min_gen0_size + min_alignment()) <
           min_heap_byte_size()) {
      warning("Inconsistency between minimum heap size and minimum "
          "generation sizes: using minimum heap = " SIZE_FORMAT,
          min_heap_byte_size());
    }
    if ((OldSize > _max_gen1_size)) {
      warning("Inconsistency between maximum heap size and maximum "
          "generation sizes: using maximum heap = " SIZE_FORMAT
          " -XX:OldSize flag is being ignored",
          max_heap_byte_size());
    }
    // If there is an inconsistency between the OldSize and the minimum and/or
    // initial size of gen0, since OldSize was explicitly set, OldSize wins.
    if (adjust_gen0_sizes(&_min_gen0_size, &_min_gen1_size,
                          min_heap_byte_size(), OldSize)) {
      if (PrintGCDetails && Verbose) {
        gclog_or_tty->print_cr("2: Minimum gen0 " SIZE_FORMAT "  Initial gen0 "
              SIZE_FORMAT "  Maximum gen0 " SIZE_FORMAT,
              min_gen0_size(), initial_gen0_size(), max_gen0_size());
      }
    }
    // Initial size
    if (adjust_gen0_sizes(&_initial_gen0_size, &_initial_gen1_size,
                         initial_heap_byte_size(), OldSize)) {
      if (PrintGCDetails && Verbose) {
        gclog_or_tty->print_cr("3: Minimum gen0 " SIZE_FORMAT "  Initial gen0 "
          SIZE_FORMAT "  Maximum gen0 " SIZE_FORMAT,
          min_gen0_size(), initial_gen0_size(), max_gen0_size());
      }
    }
  }
  // Enforce the maximum gen1 size.
  set_min_gen1_size(MIN2(_min_gen1_size, _max_gen1_size));

  // Check that min gen1 <= initial gen1 <= max gen1
  set_initial_gen1_size(MAX2(_initial_gen1_size, _min_gen1_size));
  set_initial_gen1_size(MIN2(_initial_gen1_size, _max_gen1_size));

  if (PrintGCDetails && Verbose) {
    gclog_or_tty->print_cr("Minimum gen1 " SIZE_FORMAT "  Initial gen1 "
      SIZE_FORMAT "  Maximum gen1 " SIZE_FORMAT,
      min_gen1_size(), initial_gen1_size(), max_gen1_size());
  }
}

HeapWord* GenCollectorPolicy::mem_allocate_work(size_t size,
                                        bool is_tlab,
                                        bool* gc_overhead_limit_was_exceeded) {
  GenCollectedHeap *gch = GenCollectedHeap::heap();

  debug_only(gch->check_for_valid_allocation_state());
  assert(gch->no_gc_in_progress(), "Allocation during gc not allowed");

  // In general gc_overhead_limit_was_exceeded should be false so
  // set it so here and reset it to true only if the gc time
  // limit is being exceeded as checked below.
  *gc_overhead_limit_was_exceeded = false;

  HeapWord* result = NULL;

  // Loop until the allocation is satisified,
  // or unsatisfied after GC.
  for (int try_count = 1; /* return or throw */; try_count += 1) {
    HandleMark hm; // discard any handles allocated in each iteration

    // First allocation attempt is lock-free.
    Generation *gen0 = gch->get_gen(0);
    assert(gen0->supports_inline_contig_alloc(),
      "Otherwise, must do alloc within heap lock");
    if (gen0->should_allocate(size, is_tlab)) {
      result = gen0->par_allocate(size, is_tlab);
      if (result != NULL) {
        assert(gch->is_in_reserved(result), "result not in heap");
        return result;
      }
    }
    unsigned int gc_count_before;  // read inside the Heap_lock locked region
    {
      MutexLocker ml(Heap_lock);
      if (PrintGC && Verbose) {
        gclog_or_tty->print_cr("TwoGenerationCollectorPolicy::mem_allocate_work:"
                      " attempting locked slow path allocation");
      }
      // Note that only large objects get a shot at being
      // allocated in later generations.
      bool first_only = ! should_try_older_generation_allocation(size);

      result = gch->attempt_allocation(size, is_tlab, first_only);
      if (result != NULL) {
        assert(gch->is_in_reserved(result), "result not in heap");
        return result;
      }

      if (GC_locker::is_active_and_needs_gc()) {
        if (is_tlab) {
          return NULL;  // Caller will retry allocating individual object
        }
        if (!gch->is_maximal_no_gc()) {
          // Try and expand heap to satisfy request
          result = expand_heap_and_allocate(size, is_tlab);
          // result could be null if we are out of space
          if (result != NULL) {
            return result;
          }
        }

        // If this thread is not in a jni critical section, we stall
        // the requestor until the critical section has cleared and
        // GC allowed. When the critical section clears, a GC is
        // initiated by the last thread exiting the critical section; so
        // we retry the allocation sequence from the beginning of the loop,
        // rather than causing more, now probably unnecessary, GC attempts.
        JavaThread* jthr = JavaThread::current();
        if (!jthr->in_critical()) {
          MutexUnlocker mul(Heap_lock);
          // Wait for JNI critical section to be exited
          GC_locker::stall_until_clear();
          continue;
        } else {
          if (CheckJNICalls) {
            fatal("Possible deadlock due to allocating while"
                  " in jni critical section");
          }
          return NULL;
        }
      }

      // Read the gc count while the heap lock is held.
      gc_count_before = Universe::heap()->total_collections();
    }

    VM_GenCollectForAllocation op(size,
                                  is_tlab,
                                  gc_count_before);
    VMThread::execute(&op);
    if (op.prologue_succeeded()) {
      result = op.result();
      if (op.gc_locked()) {
         assert(result == NULL, "must be NULL if gc_locked() is true");
         continue;  // retry and/or stall as necessary
      }

      // Allocation has failed and a collection
      // has been done.  If the gc time limit was exceeded the
      // this time, return NULL so that an out-of-memory
      // will be thrown.  Clear gc_overhead_limit_exceeded
      // so that the overhead exceeded does not persist.

      const bool limit_exceeded = size_policy()->gc_overhead_limit_exceeded();
      const bool softrefs_clear = all_soft_refs_clear();

      if (limit_exceeded && softrefs_clear) {
        *gc_overhead_limit_was_exceeded = true;
        size_policy()->set_gc_overhead_limit_exceeded(false);
        if (op.result() != NULL) {
          CollectedHeap::fill_with_object(op.result(), size);
        }
        return NULL;
      }
      assert(result == NULL || gch->is_in_reserved(result),
             "result not in heap");
      return result;
    }

    // Give a warning if we seem to be looping forever.
    if ((QueuedAllocationWarningCount > 0) &&
        (try_count % QueuedAllocationWarningCount == 0)) {
          warning("TwoGenerationCollectorPolicy::mem_allocate_work retries %d times \n\t"
                  " size=%d %s", try_count, size, is_tlab ? "(TLAB)" : "");
    }
  }
}

HeapWord* GenCollectorPolicy::expand_heap_and_allocate(size_t size,
                                                       bool   is_tlab) {
  GenCollectedHeap *gch = GenCollectedHeap::heap();
  HeapWord* result = NULL;
  for (int i = number_of_generations() - 1; i >= 0 && result == NULL; i--) {
    Generation *gen = gch->get_gen(i);
    if (gen->should_allocate(size, is_tlab)) {
      result = gen->expand_and_allocate(size, is_tlab);
    }
  }
  assert(result == NULL || gch->is_in_reserved(result), "result not in heap");
  return result;
}

HeapWord* GenCollectorPolicy::satisfy_failed_allocation(size_t size,
                                                        bool   is_tlab) {
  GenCollectedHeap *gch = GenCollectedHeap::heap();
  GCCauseSetter x(gch, GCCause::_allocation_failure);
  HeapWord* result = NULL;

  assert(size != 0, "Precondition violated");
  if (GC_locker::is_active_and_needs_gc()) {
    // GC locker is active; instead of a collection we will attempt
    // to expand the heap, if there's room for expansion.
    if (!gch->is_maximal_no_gc()) {
      result = expand_heap_and_allocate(size, is_tlab);
    }
    return result;   // could be null if we are out of space
  } else if (!gch->incremental_collection_will_fail(false /* don't consult_young */)) {
    // Do an incremental collection.
    gch->do_collection(false            /* full */,
                       false            /* clear_all_soft_refs */,
                       size             /* size */,
                       is_tlab          /* is_tlab */,
                       number_of_generations() - 1 /* max_level */);
  } else {
    if (Verbose && PrintGCDetails) {
      gclog_or_tty->print(" :: Trying full because partial may fail :: ");
    }
    // Try a full collection; see delta for bug id 6266275
    // for the original code and why this has been simplified
    // with from-space allocation criteria modified and
    // such allocation moved out of the safepoint path.
    gch->do_collection(true             /* full */,
                       false            /* clear_all_soft_refs */,
                       size             /* size */,
                       is_tlab          /* is_tlab */,
                       number_of_generations() - 1 /* max_level */);
  }

  result = gch->attempt_allocation(size, is_tlab, false /*first_only*/);

  if (result != NULL) {
    assert(gch->is_in_reserved(result), "result not in heap");
    return result;
  }

  // OK, collection failed, try expansion.
  result = expand_heap_and_allocate(size, is_tlab);
  if (result != NULL) {
    return result;
  }

  // If we reach this point, we're really out of memory. Try every trick
  // we can to reclaim memory. Force collection of soft references. Force
  // a complete compaction of the heap. Any additional methods for finding
  // free memory should be here, especially if they are expensive. If this
  // attempt fails, an OOM exception will be thrown.
  {
    IntFlagSetting flag_change(MarkSweepAlwaysCompactCount, 1); // Make sure the heap is fully compacted

    gch->do_collection(true             /* full */,
                       true             /* clear_all_soft_refs */,
                       size             /* size */,
                       is_tlab          /* is_tlab */,
                       number_of_generations() - 1 /* max_level */);
  }

  result = gch->attempt_allocation(size, is_tlab, false /* first_only */);
  if (result != NULL) {
    assert(gch->is_in_reserved(result), "result not in heap");
    return result;
  }

  assert(!should_clear_all_soft_refs(),
    "Flag should have been handled and cleared prior to this point");

  // What else?  We might try synchronous finalization later.  If the total
  // space available is large enough for the allocation, then a more
  // complete compaction phase than we've tried so far might be
  // appropriate.
  return NULL;
}

// Return true if any of the following is true:
// . the allocation won't fit into the current young gen heap
// . gc locker is occupied (jni critical section)
// . heap memory is tight -- the most recent previous collection
//   was a full collection because a partial collection (would
//   have) failed and is likely to fail again
bool GenCollectorPolicy::should_try_older_generation_allocation(
        size_t word_size) const {
  GenCollectedHeap* gch = GenCollectedHeap::heap();
  size_t gen0_capacity = gch->get_gen(0)->capacity_before_gc();
  return    (word_size > heap_word_size(gen0_capacity))
         || GC_locker::is_active_and_needs_gc()
         || gch->incremental_collection_failed();
}


//
// MarkSweepPolicy methods
//

MarkSweepPolicy::MarkSweepPolicy() {
  initialize_all();
}

void MarkSweepPolicy::initialize_generations() {
  initialize_perm_generation(PermGen::MarkSweepCompact);
  _generations = new GenerationSpecPtr[number_of_generations()];
  if (_generations == NULL)
    vm_exit_during_initialization("Unable to allocate gen spec");

  if (UseParNewGC && ParallelGCThreads > 0) {
    _generations[0] = new GenerationSpec(Generation::ParNew, _initial_gen0_size, _max_gen0_size);
  } else {
    _generations[0] = new GenerationSpec(Generation::DefNew, _initial_gen0_size, _max_gen0_size);
  }
  _generations[1] = new GenerationSpec(Generation::MarkSweepCompact, _initial_gen1_size, _max_gen1_size);

  if (_generations[0] == NULL || _generations[1] == NULL)
    vm_exit_during_initialization("Unable to allocate gen spec");
}

void MarkSweepPolicy::initialize_gc_policy_counters() {
  // initialize the policy counters - 2 collectors, 3 generations
  if (UseParNewGC && ParallelGCThreads > 0) {
    _gc_policy_counters = new GCPolicyCounters("ParNew:MSC", 2, 3);
  }
  else {
    _gc_policy_counters = new GCPolicyCounters("Copy:MSC", 2, 3);
  }
}