# HG changeset patch
# User Gary Benson <gbenson@redhat.com>
# Date 1297342780 0
# Node ID 65113b586fa5c83552521060e212888e8abad1ac
# Parent  3460f6c2fae8f6fba1ea565c6bb2250d93558e3c
Imported from http://hg.openjdk.java.net/jdk7/hotspot-comp/jdk 75040738aec9

diff -r 3460f6c2fae8 -r 65113b586fa5 test/java/dyn/MethodHandlesTest.java
--- /dev/null	Thu Jan 01 00:00:00 1970 +0000
+++ b/test/java/dyn/MethodHandlesTest.java	Thu Feb 10 12:59:40 2011 +0000
@@ -0,0 +1,2249 @@
+/*
+ * Copyright (c) 2009, 2010, Oracle and/or its affiliates. All rights reserved.
+ * DO NOT ALTER OR REMOVE COPYRIGHT NOTICES OR THIS FILE HEADER.
+ *
+ * This code is free software; you can redistribute it and/or modify it
+ * under the terms of the GNU General Public License version 2 only, as
+ * published by the Free Software Foundation.  Oracle designates this
+ * particular file as subject to the "Classpath" exception as provided
+ * by Oracle in the LICENSE file that accompanied this code.
+ *
+ * This code is distributed in the hope that it will be useful, but WITHOUT
+ * ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of MERCHANTABILITY or
+ * FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE.  See the GNU General Public License
+ * version 2 for more details (a copy is included in the LICENSE file that
+ * accompanied this code).
+ *
+ * You should have received a copy of the GNU General Public License version
+ * 2 along with this work; if not, write to the Free Software Foundation,
+ * Inc., 51 Franklin St, Fifth Floor, Boston, MA 02110-1301 USA.
+ *
+ * Please contact Oracle, 500 Oracle Parkway, Redwood Shores, CA 94065 USA
+ * or visit www.oracle.com if you need additional information or have any
+ * questions.
+ */
+
+/* @test
+ * @summary unit tests for java.dyn.MethodHandles
+ * @compile -source 7 -target 7 -XDallowTransitionalJSR292=no MethodHandlesTest.java
+ * @run junit/othervm -XX:+UnlockExperimentalVMOptions -XX:+EnableMethodHandles test.java.dyn.MethodHandlesTest
+ */
+
+package test.java.dyn;
+
+import java.dyn.*;
+import java.dyn.MethodHandles.Lookup;
+import java.lang.reflect.*;
+import java.util.*;
+import org.junit.*;
+import static org.junit.Assert.*;
+import static org.junit.Assume.*;
+
+
+/**
+ *
+ * @author jrose
+ */
+public class MethodHandlesTest {
+    // How much output?
+    static int verbosity = 0;
+    static {
+        String vstr = System.getProperty("test.java.dyn.MethodHandlesTest.verbosity");
+        if (vstr != null)  verbosity = Integer.parseInt(vstr);
+    }
+
+    // Set this true during development if you want to fast-forward to
+    // a particular new, non-working test.  Tests which are known to
+    // work (or have recently worked) test this flag and return on true.
+    static boolean CAN_SKIP_WORKING = false;
+    //static { CAN_SKIP_WORKING = true; }
+
+    // Set true to test more calls.  If false, some tests are just
+    // lookups, without exercising the actual method handle.
+    static boolean DO_MORE_CALLS = true;
+
+    @Test
+    public void testFirst() throws Throwable {
+        verbosity += 9; try {
+            // left blank for debugging
+        } finally { printCounts(); verbosity -= 9; }
+    }
+
+    // current failures
+    @Test @Ignore("failure in call to makeRawRetypeOnly in ToGeneric")
+    public void testFail_1() throws Throwable {
+        // AMH.<init>: IllegalArgumentException: bad adapter (conversion=0xfffab300): adapter pushes too many parameters
+        testSpreadArguments(int.class, 0, 6);
+    }
+    @Test @Ignore("failure in JVM when expanding the stack using asm stub for _adapter_spread_args")
+    public void testFail_2() throws Throwable {
+        // if CONV_OP_IMPLEMENTED_MASK includes OP_SPREAD_ARGS, this crashes:
+        testSpreadArguments(Object.class, 0, 2);
+    }
+    @Test @Ignore("IllArgEx failure in call to ToGeneric.make")
+    public void testFail_3() throws Throwable {
+        // ToGeneric.<init>: UnsupportedOperationException: NYI: primitive parameters must follow references; entryType = (int,java.lang.Object)java.lang.Object
+        testSpreadArguments(int.class, 1, 2);
+    }
+    @Test @Ignore("IllArgEx failure in call to ToGeneric.make")
+    public void testFail_4() throws Throwable {
+        // ToGeneric.<init>: UnsupportedOperationException: NYI: primitive parameters must follow references; entryType = (int,java.lang.Object)java.lang.Object
+        testCollectArguments(int.class, 1, 2);
+    }
+    @Test @Ignore("cannot collect leading primitive types")
+    public void testFail_5() throws Throwable {
+        // ToGeneric.<init>: UnsupportedOperationException: NYI: primitive parameters must follow references; entryType = (int,java.lang.Object)java.lang.Object
+        testInvokers(MethodType.genericMethodType(2).changeParameterType(0, int.class));
+    }
+    @Test @Ignore("should not insert arguments beyond MethodHandlePushLimit")
+    public void testFail_6() throws Throwable {
+        // ValueConversions.varargsArray: UnsupportedOperationException: NYI: cannot form a varargs array of length 13
+        testInsertArguments(0, 0, MAX_ARG_INCREASE+10);
+    }
+    static final int MAX_ARG_INCREASE = 3;
+
+    public MethodHandlesTest() {
+    }
+
+    @Before
+    public void checkImplementedPlatform() {
+        boolean platformOK = false;
+        Properties properties = System.getProperties();
+        String vers = properties.getProperty("java.vm.version");
+        String name = properties.getProperty("java.vm.name");
+        String arch = properties.getProperty("os.arch");
+        if ((arch.equals("amd64") || arch.equals("i386") || arch.equals("x86") ||
+             arch.equals("sparc") || arch.equals("sparcv9")) &&
+            (name.contains("Client") || name.contains("Server"))
+            ) {
+            platformOK = true;
+        } else {
+            System.err.println("Skipping tests for unsupported platform: "+Arrays.asList(vers, name, arch));
+        }
+        assumeTrue(platformOK);
+    }
+
+    String testName;
+    static int allPosTests, allNegTests;
+    int posTests, negTests;
+    @After
+    public void printCounts() {
+        if (verbosity >= 2 && (posTests | negTests) != 0) {
+            System.out.println();
+            if (posTests != 0)  System.out.println("=== "+testName+": "+posTests+" positive test cases run");
+            if (negTests != 0)  System.out.println("=== "+testName+": "+negTests+" negative test cases run");
+            allPosTests += posTests;
+            allNegTests += negTests;
+            posTests = negTests = 0;
+        }
+    }
+    void countTest(boolean positive) {
+        if (positive) ++posTests;
+        else          ++negTests;
+    }
+    void countTest() { countTest(true); }
+    void startTest(String name) {
+        if (testName != null)  printCounts();
+        if (verbosity >= 1)
+            System.out.println(name);
+        posTests = negTests = 0;
+        testName = name;
+    }
+
+    @BeforeClass
+    public static void setUpClass() throws Exception {
+        calledLog.clear();
+        calledLog.add(null);
+        nextArgVal = INITIAL_ARG_VAL;
+    }
+
+    @AfterClass
+    public static void tearDownClass() throws Exception {
+        int posTests = allPosTests, negTests = allNegTests;
+        if (verbosity >= 2 && (posTests | negTests) != 0) {
+            System.out.println();
+            if (posTests != 0)  System.out.println("=== "+posTests+" total positive test cases");
+            if (negTests != 0)  System.out.println("=== "+negTests+" total negative test cases");
+        }
+    }
+
+    static List<Object> calledLog = new ArrayList<Object>();
+    static Object logEntry(String name, Object... args) {
+        return Arrays.asList(name, Arrays.asList(args));
+    }
+    static Object called(String name, Object... args) {
+        Object entry = logEntry(name, args);
+        calledLog.add(entry);
+        return entry;
+    }
+    static void assertCalled(String name, Object... args) {
+        Object expected = logEntry(name, args);
+        Object actual   = calledLog.get(calledLog.size() - 1);
+        if (expected.equals(actual) && verbosity < 9)  return;
+        System.out.println("assertCalled "+name+":");
+        System.out.println("expected:   "+expected);
+        System.out.println("actual:     "+actual);
+        System.out.println("ex. types:  "+getClasses(expected));
+        System.out.println("act. types: "+getClasses(actual));
+        assertEquals("previous method call", expected, actual);
+    }
+    static void printCalled(MethodHandle target, String name, Object... args) {
+        if (verbosity >= 3)
+            System.out.println("calling MH="+target+" to "+name+Arrays.toString(args));
+    }
+
+    static Object castToWrapper(Object value, Class<?> dst) {
+        Object wrap = null;
+        if (value instanceof Number)
+            wrap = castToWrapperOrNull(((Number)value).longValue(), dst);
+        if (value instanceof Character)
+            wrap = castToWrapperOrNull((char)(Character)value, dst);
+        if (wrap != null)  return wrap;
+        return dst.cast(value);
+    }
+
+    static Object castToWrapperOrNull(long value, Class<?> dst) {
+        if (dst == int.class || dst == Integer.class)
+            return (int)(value);
+        if (dst == long.class || dst == Long.class)
+            return (long)(value);
+        if (dst == char.class || dst == Character.class)
+            return (char)(value);
+        if (dst == short.class || dst == Short.class)
+            return (short)(value);
+        if (dst == float.class || dst == Float.class)
+            return (float)(value);
+        if (dst == double.class || dst == Double.class)
+            return (double)(value);
+        if (dst == byte.class || dst == Byte.class)
+            return (byte)(value);
+        if (dst == boolean.class || dst == boolean.class)
+            return ((value % 29) & 1) == 0;
+        return null;
+    }
+
+    static final int ONE_MILLION = (1000*1000),  // first int value
+                     TEN_BILLION = (10*1000*1000*1000),  // scale factor to reach upper 32 bits
+                     INITIAL_ARG_VAL = ONE_MILLION << 1;  // <<1 makes space for sign bit;
+    static long nextArgVal;
+    static long nextArg(boolean moreBits) {
+        long val = nextArgVal++;
+        long sign = -(val & 1); // alternate signs
+        val >>= 1;
+        if (moreBits)
+            // Guarantee some bits in the high word.
+            // In any case keep the decimal representation simple-looking,
+            // with lots of zeroes, so as not to make the printed decimal
+            // strings unnecessarily noisy.
+            val += (val % ONE_MILLION) * TEN_BILLION;
+        return val ^ sign;
+    }
+    static int nextArg() {
+        // Produce a 32-bit result something like ONE_MILLION+(smallint).
+        // Example: 1_000_042.
+        return (int) nextArg(false);
+    }
+    static long nextArg(Class<?> kind) {
+        if (kind == long.class   || kind == Long.class ||
+            kind == double.class || kind == Double.class)
+            // produce a 64-bit result something like
+            // ((TEN_BILLION+1) * (ONE_MILLION+(smallint)))
+            // Example: 10_000_420_001_000_042.
+            return nextArg(true);
+        return (long) nextArg();
+    }
+
+    static Object randomArg(Class<?> param) {
+        Object wrap = castToWrapperOrNull(nextArg(param), param);
+        if (wrap != null) {
+            return wrap;
+        }
+//        import sun.dyn.util.Wrapper;
+//        Wrapper wrap = Wrapper.forBasicType(dst);
+//        if (wrap == Wrapper.OBJECT && Wrapper.isWrapperType(dst))
+//            wrap = Wrapper.forWrapperType(dst);
+//        if (wrap != Wrapper.OBJECT)
+//            return wrap.wrap(nextArg++);
+        if (param.isInterface()) {
+            for (Class<?> c : param.getClasses()) {
+                if (param.isAssignableFrom(c) && !c.isInterface())
+                    { param = c; break; }
+            }
+        }
+        if (param.isInterface() || param.isAssignableFrom(String.class))
+            return "#"+nextArg();
+        else
+            try {
+                return param.newInstance();
+            } catch (InstantiationException ex) {
+            } catch (IllegalAccessException ex) {
+            }
+        return null;  // random class not Object, String, Integer, etc.
+    }
+    static Object[] randomArgs(Class<?>... params) {
+        Object[] args = new Object[params.length];
+        for (int i = 0; i < args.length; i++)
+            args[i] = randomArg(params[i]);
+        return args;
+    }
+    static Object[] randomArgs(int nargs, Class<?> param) {
+        Object[] args = new Object[nargs];
+        for (int i = 0; i < args.length; i++)
+            args[i] = randomArg(param);
+        return args;
+    }
+
+    static <T, E extends T> T[] array(Class<T[]> atype, E... a) {
+        return Arrays.copyOf(a, a.length, atype);
+    }
+    static <T> T[] cat(T[] a, T... b) {
+        int alen = a.length, blen = b.length;
+        if (blen == 0)  return a;
+        T[] c = Arrays.copyOf(a, alen + blen);
+        System.arraycopy(b, 0, c, alen, blen);
+        return c;
+    }
+    static Integer[] boxAll(int... vx) {
+        Integer[] res = new Integer[vx.length];
+        for (int i = 0; i < res.length; i++) {
+            res[i] = vx[i];
+        }
+        return res;
+    }
+    static Object getClasses(Object x) {
+        if (x == null)  return x;
+        if (x instanceof String)  return x;  // keep the name
+        if (x instanceof List) {
+            // recursively report classes of the list elements
+            Object[] xa = ((List)x).toArray();
+            for (int i = 0; i < xa.length; i++)
+                xa[i] = getClasses(xa[i]);
+            return Arrays.asList(xa);
+        }
+        return x.getClass().getSimpleName();
+    }
+
+    static MethodHandle changeArgTypes(MethodHandle target, Class<?> argType) {
+        return changeArgTypes(target, 0, 999, argType);
+    }
+    static MethodHandle changeArgTypes(MethodHandle target,
+            int beg, int end, Class<?> argType) {
+        MethodType targetType = target.type();
+        end = Math.min(end, targetType.parameterCount());
+        ArrayList<Class<?>> argTypes = new ArrayList<Class<?>>(targetType.parameterList());
+        Collections.fill(argTypes.subList(beg, end), argType);
+        MethodType ttype2 = MethodType.methodType(targetType.returnType(), argTypes);
+        return MethodHandles.convertArguments(target, ttype2);
+    }
+
+    // This lookup is good for all members in and under MethodHandlesTest.
+    static final Lookup PRIVATE = MethodHandles.lookup();
+    // This lookup is good for package-private members but not private ones.
+    static final Lookup PACKAGE = PackageSibling.lookup();
+    // This lookup is good only for public members.
+    static final Lookup PUBLIC  = MethodHandles.publicLookup();
+
+    // Subject methods...
+    static class Example implements IntExample {
+        final String name;
+        public Example() { name = "Example#"+nextArg(); }
+        protected Example(String name) { this.name = name; }
+        protected Example(int x) { this(); called("protected <init>", this, x); }
+        @Override public String toString() { return name; }
+
+        public void            v0()     { called("v0", this); }
+        void                   pkg_v0() { called("pkg_v0", this); }
+        private void           pri_v0() { called("pri_v0", this); }
+        public static void     s0()     { called("s0"); }
+        static void            pkg_s0() { called("pkg_s0"); }
+        private static void    pri_s0() { called("pri_s0"); }
+
+        public Object          v1(Object x) { return called("v1", this, x); }
+        public Object          v2(Object x, Object y) { return called("v2", this, x, y); }
+        public Object          v2(Object x, int    y) { return called("v2", this, x, y); }
+        public Object          v2(int    x, Object y) { return called("v2", this, x, y); }
+        public Object          v2(int    x, int    y) { return called("v2", this, x, y); }
+        public static Object   s1(Object x) { return called("s1", x); }
+        public static Object   s2(int x)    { return called("s2", x); }
+        public static Object   s3(long x)   { return called("s3", x); }
+        public static Object   s4(int x, int y) { return called("s4", x, y); }
+        public static Object   s5(long x, int y) { return called("s5", x, y); }
+        public static Object   s6(int x, long y) { return called("s6", x, y); }
+        public static Object   s7(float x, double y) { return called("s7", x, y); }
+
+        static final Lookup EXAMPLE = MethodHandles.lookup();  // for testing findSpecial
+    }
+    static final Lookup EXAMPLE = Example.EXAMPLE;
+    public static class PubExample extends Example {
+        public PubExample() { super("PubExample#"+nextArg()); }
+    }
+    static class SubExample extends Example {
+        @Override public void  v0()     { called("Sub/v0", this); }
+        @Override void         pkg_v0() { called("Sub/pkg_v0", this); }
+        private      SubExample(int x)  { called("<init>", this, x); }
+        public SubExample() { super("SubExample#"+nextArg()); }
+    }
+    public static interface IntExample {
+        public void            v0();
+        public static class Impl implements IntExample {
+            public void        v0()     { called("Int/v0", this); }
+            final String name;
+            public Impl() { name = "Impl#"+nextArg(); }
+            @Override public String toString() { return name; }
+        }
+    }
+
+    static final Object[][][] ACCESS_CASES = {
+        { { false, PUBLIC }, { false, PACKAGE }, { false, PRIVATE }, { false, EXAMPLE } }, //[0]: all false
+        { { false, PUBLIC }, { false, PACKAGE }, { true,  PRIVATE }, { true,  EXAMPLE } }, //[1]: only PRIVATE
+        { { false, PUBLIC }, { true,  PACKAGE }, { true,  PRIVATE }, { true,  EXAMPLE } }, //[2]: PUBLIC false
+        { { true,  PUBLIC }, { true,  PACKAGE }, { true,  PRIVATE }, { true,  EXAMPLE } }, //[3]: all true
+    };
+
+    static Object[][] accessCases(Class<?> defc, String name, boolean isSpecial) {
+        Object[][] cases;
+        if (name.contains("pri_") || isSpecial) {
+            cases = ACCESS_CASES[1]; // PRIVATE only
+        } else if (name.contains("pkg_") || !Modifier.isPublic(defc.getModifiers())) {
+            cases = ACCESS_CASES[2]; // not PUBLIC
+        } else {
+            assertTrue(name.indexOf('_') < 0);
+            boolean pubc = Modifier.isPublic(defc.getModifiers());
+            if (pubc)
+                cases = ACCESS_CASES[3]; // all access levels
+            else
+                cases = ACCESS_CASES[2]; // PACKAGE but not PUBLIC
+        }
+        if (defc != Example.class && cases[cases.length-1][1] == EXAMPLE)
+            cases = Arrays.copyOfRange(cases, 0, cases.length-1);
+        return cases;
+    }
+    static Object[][] accessCases(Class<?> defc, String name) {
+        return accessCases(defc, name, false);
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testFindStatic() throws Throwable {
+        if (CAN_SKIP_WORKING)  return;
+        startTest("findStatic");
+        testFindStatic(PubExample.class, void.class, "s0");
+        testFindStatic(Example.class, void.class, "s0");
+        testFindStatic(Example.class, void.class, "pkg_s0");
+        testFindStatic(Example.class, void.class, "pri_s0");
+
+        testFindStatic(Example.class, Object.class, "s1", Object.class);
+        testFindStatic(Example.class, Object.class, "s2", int.class);
+        testFindStatic(Example.class, Object.class, "s3", long.class);
+        testFindStatic(Example.class, Object.class, "s4", int.class, int.class);
+        testFindStatic(Example.class, Object.class, "s5", long.class, int.class);
+        testFindStatic(Example.class, Object.class, "s6", int.class, long.class);
+        testFindStatic(Example.class, Object.class, "s7", float.class, double.class);
+
+        testFindStatic(false, PRIVATE, Example.class, void.class, "bogus");
+    }
+
+    void testFindStatic(Class<?> defc, Class<?> ret, String name, Class<?>... params) throws Throwable {
+        for (Object[] ac : accessCases(defc, name)) {
+            testFindStatic((Boolean)ac[0], (Lookup)ac[1], defc, ret, name, params);
+        }
+    }
+    void testFindStatic(Lookup lookup, Class<?> defc, Class<?> ret, String name, Class<?>... params) throws Throwable {
+        testFindStatic(true, lookup, defc, ret, name, params);
+    }
+    void testFindStatic(boolean positive, Lookup lookup, Class<?> defc, Class<?> ret, String name, Class<?>... params) throws Throwable {
+        countTest(positive);
+        MethodType type = MethodType.methodType(ret, params);
+        MethodHandle target = null;
+        Exception noAccess = null;
+        try {
+            if (verbosity >= 4)  System.out.println("lookup via "+lookup+" of "+defc+" "+name+type);
+            target = lookup.in(defc).findStatic(defc, name, type);
+        } catch (NoAccessException ex) {
+            noAccess = ex;
+        }
+        if (verbosity >= 3)
+            System.out.println("findStatic "+lookup+": "+defc.getName()+"."+name+"/"+type+" => "+target
+                    +(noAccess == null ? "" : " !! "+noAccess));
+        if (positive && noAccess != null)  throw noAccess;
+        assertEquals(positive ? "positive test" : "negative test erroneously passed", positive, target != null);
+        if (!positive)  return; // negative test failed as expected
+        assertEquals(type, target.type());
+        assertNameStringContains(target, name);
+        if (!DO_MORE_CALLS && lookup != PRIVATE)  return;
+        Object[] args = randomArgs(params);
+        printCalled(target, name, args);
+        target.invokeWithArguments(args);
+        assertCalled(name, args);
+        if (verbosity >= 1)
+            System.out.print(':');
+    }
+
+    // rough check of name string
+    static void assertNameStringContains(Object x, String s) {
+        if (x.toString().contains(s))  return;
+        assertEquals(s, x);
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testFindVirtual() throws Throwable {
+        if (CAN_SKIP_WORKING)  return;
+        startTest("findVirtual");
+        testFindVirtual(Example.class, void.class, "v0");
+        testFindVirtual(Example.class, void.class, "pkg_v0");
+        testFindVirtual(Example.class, void.class, "pri_v0");
+        testFindVirtual(Example.class, Object.class, "v1", Object.class);
+        testFindVirtual(Example.class, Object.class, "v2", Object.class, Object.class);
+        testFindVirtual(Example.class, Object.class, "v2", Object.class, int.class);
+        testFindVirtual(Example.class, Object.class, "v2", int.class, Object.class);
+        testFindVirtual(Example.class, Object.class, "v2", int.class, int.class);
+        testFindVirtual(false, PRIVATE, Example.class, Example.class, void.class, "bogus");
+        // test dispatch
+        testFindVirtual(SubExample.class,      SubExample.class, void.class, "Sub/v0");
+        testFindVirtual(SubExample.class,         Example.class, void.class, "Sub/v0");
+        testFindVirtual(SubExample.class,      IntExample.class, void.class, "Sub/v0");
+        testFindVirtual(SubExample.class,      SubExample.class, void.class, "Sub/pkg_v0");
+        testFindVirtual(SubExample.class,         Example.class, void.class, "Sub/pkg_v0");
+        testFindVirtual(Example.class,         IntExample.class, void.class, "v0");
+        testFindVirtual(IntExample.Impl.class, IntExample.class, void.class, "Int/v0");
+    }
+
+    void testFindVirtual(Class<?> defc, Class<?> ret, String name, Class<?>... params) throws Throwable {
+        Class<?> rcvc = defc;
+        testFindVirtual(rcvc, defc, ret, name, params);
+    }
+    void testFindVirtual(Class<?> rcvc, Class<?> defc, Class<?> ret, String name, Class<?>... params) throws Throwable {
+        for (Object[] ac : accessCases(defc, name)) {
+            testFindVirtual((Boolean)ac[0], (Lookup)ac[1], rcvc, defc, ret, name, params);
+        }
+    }
+    void testFindVirtual(Lookup lookup, Class<?> rcvc, Class<?> defc, Class<?> ret, String name, Class<?>... params) throws Throwable {
+        testFindVirtual(true, lookup, rcvc, defc, ret, name, params);
+    }
+    void testFindVirtual(boolean positive, Lookup lookup, Class<?> rcvc, Class<?> defc, Class<?> ret, String name, Class<?>... params) throws Throwable {
+        countTest(positive);
+        String methodName = name.substring(1 + name.indexOf('/'));  // foo/bar => foo
+        MethodType type = MethodType.methodType(ret, params);
+        MethodHandle target = null;
+        Exception noAccess = null;
+        try {
+            if (verbosity >= 4)  System.out.println("lookup via "+lookup+" of "+defc+" "+name+type);
+            target = lookup.in(defc).findVirtual(defc, methodName, type);
+        } catch (NoAccessException ex) {
+            noAccess = ex;
+        }
+        if (verbosity >= 3)
+            System.out.println("findVirtual "+lookup+": "+defc.getName()+"."+name+"/"+type+" => "+target
+                    +(noAccess == null ? "" : " !! "+noAccess));
+        if (positive && noAccess != null)  throw noAccess;
+        assertEquals(positive ? "positive test" : "negative test erroneously passed", positive, target != null);
+        if (!positive)  return; // negative test failed as expected
+        Class<?>[] paramsWithSelf = cat(array(Class[].class, (Class)defc), params);
+        MethodType typeWithSelf = MethodType.methodType(ret, paramsWithSelf);
+        assertEquals(typeWithSelf, target.type());
+        assertNameStringContains(target, methodName);
+        if (!DO_MORE_CALLS && lookup != PRIVATE)  return;
+        Object[] argsWithSelf = randomArgs(paramsWithSelf);
+        if (rcvc != defc)  argsWithSelf[0] = randomArg(rcvc);
+        printCalled(target, name, argsWithSelf);
+        target.invokeWithArguments(argsWithSelf);
+        assertCalled(name, argsWithSelf);
+        if (verbosity >= 1)
+            System.out.print(':');
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testFindSpecial() throws Throwable {
+        if (CAN_SKIP_WORKING)  return;
+        startTest("findSpecial");
+        testFindSpecial(SubExample.class, Example.class, void.class, "v0");
+        testFindSpecial(SubExample.class, Example.class, void.class, "pkg_v0");
+        // Do some negative testing:
+        for (Lookup lookup : new Lookup[]{ PRIVATE, EXAMPLE, PACKAGE, PUBLIC }) {
+            testFindSpecial(false, lookup, Object.class, Example.class, void.class, "v0");
+            testFindSpecial(false, lookup, SubExample.class, Example.class, void.class, "<init>", int.class);
+            testFindSpecial(false, lookup, SubExample.class, Example.class, void.class, "s0");
+            testFindSpecial(false, lookup, SubExample.class, Example.class, void.class, "bogus");
+        }
+    }
+
+    void testFindSpecial(Class<?> specialCaller,
+                         Class<?> defc, Class<?> ret, String name, Class<?>... params) throws Throwable {
+        testFindSpecial(true,  EXAMPLE, specialCaller, defc, ret, name, params);
+        testFindSpecial(true,  PRIVATE, specialCaller, defc, ret, name, params);
+        testFindSpecial(false, PACKAGE, specialCaller, defc, ret, name, params);
+        testFindSpecial(false, PUBLIC,  specialCaller, defc, ret, name, params);
+    }
+    void testFindSpecial(boolean positive, Lookup lookup, Class<?> specialCaller,
+                         Class<?> defc, Class<?> ret, String name, Class<?>... params) throws Throwable {
+        countTest(positive);
+        MethodType type = MethodType.methodType(ret, params);
+        MethodHandle target = null;
+        Exception noAccess = null;
+        try {
+            if (verbosity >= 4)  System.out.println("lookup via "+lookup+" of "+defc+" "+name+type);
+            if (verbosity >= 5)  System.out.println("  lookup => "+lookup.in(specialCaller));
+            target = lookup.in(specialCaller).findSpecial(defc, name, type, specialCaller);
+        } catch (NoAccessException ex) {
+            noAccess = ex;
+        }
+        if (verbosity >= 3)
+            System.out.println("findSpecial from "+specialCaller.getName()+" to "+defc.getName()+"."+name+"/"+type+" => "+target
+                               +(target == null ? "" : target.type())
+                               +(noAccess == null ? "" : " !! "+noAccess));
+        if (positive && noAccess != null)  throw noAccess;
+        assertEquals(positive ? "positive test" : "negative test erroneously passed", positive, target != null);
+        if (!positive)  return; // negative test failed as expected
+        assertEquals(specialCaller, target.type().parameterType(0));
+        assertEquals(type,          target.type().dropParameterTypes(0,1));
+        Class<?>[] paramsWithSelf = cat(array(Class[].class, (Class)specialCaller), params);
+        MethodType typeWithSelf = MethodType.methodType(ret, paramsWithSelf);
+        assertNameStringContains(target, name);
+        if (!DO_MORE_CALLS && lookup != PRIVATE && lookup != EXAMPLE)  return;
+        Object[] args = randomArgs(paramsWithSelf);
+        printCalled(target, name, args);
+        target.invokeWithArguments(args);
+        assertCalled(name, args);
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testBind() throws Throwable {
+        if (CAN_SKIP_WORKING)  return;
+        startTest("bind");
+        testBind(Example.class, void.class, "v0");
+        testBind(Example.class, void.class, "pkg_v0");
+        testBind(Example.class, void.class, "pri_v0");
+        testBind(Example.class, Object.class, "v1", Object.class);
+        testBind(Example.class, Object.class, "v2", Object.class, Object.class);
+        testBind(Example.class, Object.class, "v2", Object.class, int.class);
+        testBind(Example.class, Object.class, "v2", int.class, Object.class);
+        testBind(Example.class, Object.class, "v2", int.class, int.class);
+        testBind(false, PRIVATE, Example.class, void.class, "bogus");
+        testBind(SubExample.class, void.class, "Sub/v0");
+        testBind(SubExample.class, void.class, "Sub/pkg_v0");
+        testBind(IntExample.Impl.class, void.class, "Int/v0");
+    }
+
+    void testBind(Class<?> defc, Class<?> ret, String name, Class<?>... params) throws Throwable {
+        for (Object[] ac : accessCases(defc, name)) {
+            testBind((Boolean)ac[0], (Lookup)ac[1], defc, ret, name, params);
+        }
+    }
+
+    void testBind(boolean positive, Lookup lookup, Class<?> defc, Class<?> ret, String name, Class<?>... params) throws Throwable {
+        countTest(positive);
+        String methodName = name.substring(1 + name.indexOf('/'));  // foo/bar => foo
+        MethodType type = MethodType.methodType(ret, params);
+        Object receiver = randomArg(defc);
+        MethodHandle target = null;
+        Exception noAccess = null;
+        try {
+            if (verbosity >= 4)  System.out.println("lookup via "+lookup+" of "+defc+" "+name+type);
+            target = lookup.in(defc).bind(receiver, methodName, type);
+        } catch (NoAccessException ex) {
+            noAccess = ex;
+        }
+        if (verbosity >= 3)
+            System.out.println("bind "+receiver+"."+name+"/"+type+" => "+target
+                    +(noAccess == null ? "" : " !! "+noAccess));
+        if (positive && noAccess != null)  throw noAccess;
+        assertEquals(positive ? "positive test" : "negative test erroneously passed", positive, target != null);
+        if (!positive)  return; // negative test failed as expected
+        assertEquals(type, target.type());
+        Object[] args = randomArgs(params);
+        printCalled(target, name, args);
+        target.invokeWithArguments(args);
+        Object[] argsWithReceiver = cat(array(Object[].class, receiver), args);
+        assertCalled(name, argsWithReceiver);
+        if (verbosity >= 1)
+            System.out.print(':');
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testUnreflect() throws Throwable {
+        if (CAN_SKIP_WORKING)  return;
+        startTest("unreflect");
+        testUnreflect(Example.class, true, void.class, "s0");
+        testUnreflect(Example.class, true, void.class, "pkg_s0");
+        testUnreflect(Example.class, true, void.class, "pri_s0");
+
+        testUnreflect(Example.class, true, Object.class, "s1", Object.class);
+        testUnreflect(Example.class, true, Object.class, "s2", int.class);
+        testUnreflect(Example.class, true, Object.class, "s3", long.class);
+        testUnreflect(Example.class, true, Object.class, "s4", int.class, int.class);
+        testUnreflect(Example.class, true, Object.class, "s5", long.class, int.class);
+        testUnreflect(Example.class, true, Object.class, "s6", int.class, long.class);
+
+        testUnreflect(Example.class, false, void.class, "v0");
+        testUnreflect(Example.class, false, void.class, "pkg_v0");
+        testUnreflect(Example.class, false, void.class, "pri_v0");
+        testUnreflect(Example.class, false, Object.class, "v1", Object.class);
+        testUnreflect(Example.class, false, Object.class, "v2", Object.class, Object.class);
+        testUnreflect(Example.class, false, Object.class, "v2", Object.class, int.class);
+        testUnreflect(Example.class, false, Object.class, "v2", int.class, Object.class);
+        testUnreflect(Example.class, false, Object.class, "v2", int.class, int.class);
+    }
+
+    void testUnreflect(Class<?> defc, boolean isStatic, Class<?> ret, String name, Class<?>... params) throws Throwable {
+        for (Object[] ac : accessCases(defc, name)) {
+            testUnreflectMaybeSpecial(null, (Boolean)ac[0], (Lookup)ac[1], defc, (isStatic ? null : defc), ret, name, params);
+        }
+    }
+    void testUnreflect(Class<?> defc, Class<?> rcvc, Class<?> ret, String name, Class<?>... params) throws Throwable {
+        for (Object[] ac : accessCases(defc, name)) {
+            testUnreflectMaybeSpecial(null, (Boolean)ac[0], (Lookup)ac[1], defc, rcvc, ret, name, params);
+        }
+    }
+    void testUnreflectMaybeSpecial(Class<?> specialCaller,
+                                   boolean positive, Lookup lookup,
+                                   Class<?> defc, Class<?> rcvc, Class<?> ret, String name, Class<?>... params) throws Throwable {
+        countTest(positive);
+        MethodType type = MethodType.methodType(ret, params);
+        Method rmethod = null;
+        MethodHandle target = null;
+        Exception noAccess = null;
+        try {
+            rmethod = defc.getDeclaredMethod(name, params);
+        } catch (NoSuchMethodException ex) {
+            throw new NoAccessException(ex);
+        }
+        boolean isStatic = (rcvc == null);
+        boolean isSpecial = (specialCaller != null);
+        try {
+            if (verbosity >= 4)  System.out.println("lookup via "+lookup+" of "+defc+" "+name+type);
+            if (isSpecial)
+                target = lookup.in(specialCaller).unreflectSpecial(rmethod, specialCaller);
+            else
+                target = lookup.in(defc).unreflect(rmethod);
+        } catch (NoAccessException ex) {
+            noAccess = ex;
+        }
+        if (verbosity >= 3)
+            System.out.println("unreflect"+(isSpecial?"Special":"")+" "+defc.getName()+"."+name+"/"+type
+                               +(!isSpecial ? "" : " specialCaller="+specialCaller)
+                               +( isStatic  ? "" : " receiver="+rcvc)
+                               +" => "+target
+                               +(noAccess == null ? "" : " !! "+noAccess));
+        if (positive && noAccess != null)  throw noAccess;
+        assertEquals(positive ? "positive test" : "negative test erroneously passed", positive, target != null);
+        if (!positive)  return; // negative test failed as expected
+        assertEquals(isStatic, Modifier.isStatic(rmethod.getModifiers()));
+        Class<?>[] paramsMaybeWithSelf = params;
+        if (!isStatic) {
+            paramsMaybeWithSelf = cat(array(Class[].class, (Class)rcvc), params);
+        }
+        MethodType typeMaybeWithSelf = MethodType.methodType(ret, paramsMaybeWithSelf);
+        if (isStatic) {
+            assertEquals(typeMaybeWithSelf, target.type());
+        } else {
+            if (isSpecial)
+                assertEquals(specialCaller, target.type().parameterType(0));
+            else
+                assertEquals(defc, target.type().parameterType(0));
+            assertEquals(typeMaybeWithSelf, target.type().changeParameterType(0, rcvc));
+        }
+        Object[] argsMaybeWithSelf = randomArgs(paramsMaybeWithSelf);
+        printCalled(target, name, argsMaybeWithSelf);
+        target.invokeWithArguments(argsMaybeWithSelf);
+        assertCalled(name, argsMaybeWithSelf);
+        if (verbosity >= 1)
+            System.out.print(':');
+    }
+
+    void testUnreflectSpecial(Class<?> defc, Class<?> rcvc, Class<?> ret, String name, Class<?>... params) throws Throwable {
+        for (Object[] ac : accessCases(defc, name, true)) {
+            Class<?> specialCaller = rcvc;
+            testUnreflectMaybeSpecial(specialCaller, (Boolean)ac[0], (Lookup)ac[1], defc, rcvc, ret, name, params);
+        }
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testUnreflectSpecial() throws Throwable {
+        if (CAN_SKIP_WORKING)  return;
+        startTest("unreflectSpecial");
+        testUnreflectSpecial(Example.class,    Example.class, void.class, "v0");
+        testUnreflectSpecial(Example.class, SubExample.class, void.class, "v0");
+        testUnreflectSpecial(Example.class,    Example.class, void.class, "pkg_v0");
+        testUnreflectSpecial(Example.class, SubExample.class, void.class, "pkg_v0");
+        testUnreflectSpecial(Example.class,    Example.class, Object.class, "v2", int.class, int.class);
+        testUnreflectSpecial(Example.class, SubExample.class, Object.class, "v2", int.class, int.class);
+        testUnreflectMaybeSpecial(Example.class, false, PRIVATE, Example.class, Example.class, void.class, "s0");
+    }
+
+    public static class HasFields {
+        boolean fZ = false;
+        byte fB = (byte)'B';
+        short fS = (short)'S';
+        char fC = 'C';
+        int fI = 'I';
+        long fJ = 'J';
+        float fF = 'F';
+        double fD = 'D';
+        static boolean sZ = true;
+        static byte sB = 1+(byte)'B';
+        static short sS = 1+(short)'S';
+        static char sC = 1+'C';
+        static int sI = 1+'I';
+        static long sJ = 1+'J';
+        static float sF = 1+'F';
+        static double sD = 1+'D';
+
+        Object fL = 'L';
+        String fR = "R";
+        static Object sL = 'M';
+        static String sR = "S";
+
+        static final Object[][] CASES;
+        static {
+            ArrayList<Object[]> cases = new ArrayList<Object[]>();
+            Object types[][] = {
+                {'L',Object.class}, {'R',String.class},
+                {'I',int.class}, {'J',long.class},
+                {'F',float.class}, {'D',double.class},
+                {'Z',boolean.class}, {'B',byte.class},
+                {'S',short.class}, {'C',char.class},
+            };
+            HasFields fields = new HasFields();
+            for (Object[] t : types) {
+                for (int kind = 0; kind <= 1; kind++) {
+                    boolean isStatic = (kind != 0);
+                    char btc = (Character)t[0];
+                    String name = (isStatic ? "s" : "f") + btc;
+                    Class<?> type = (Class<?>) t[1];
+                    Object value;
+                    Field field;
+                    try {
+                        field = HasFields.class.getDeclaredField(name);
+                    } catch (Exception ex) {
+                        throw new InternalError("no field HasFields."+name);
+                    }
+                    try {
+                        value = field.get(fields);
+                    } catch (Exception ex) {
+                        throw new InternalError("cannot fetch field HasFields."+name);
+                    }
+                    if (type == float.class) {
+                        float v = 'F';
+                        if (isStatic)  v++;
+                        assert(value.equals(v));
+                    }
+                    assert(name.equals(field.getName()));
+                    assert(type.equals(field.getType()));
+                    assert(isStatic == (Modifier.isStatic(field.getModifiers())));
+                    cases.add(new Object[]{ field, value });
+                }
+            }
+            CASES = cases.toArray(new Object[0][]);
+        }
+    }
+
+    static final int TEST_UNREFLECT = 1, TEST_FIND_FIELD = 2, TEST_FIND_STATIC_FIELD = 3;
+    static boolean testModeMatches(int testMode, boolean isStatic) {
+        switch (testMode) {
+        case TEST_FIND_STATIC_FIELD:    return isStatic;
+        case TEST_FIND_FIELD:           return !isStatic;
+        default:                        return true;  // unreflect matches both
+        }
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testUnreflectGetter() throws Throwable {
+        startTest("unreflectGetter");
+        testGetter(TEST_UNREFLECT);
+    }
+    @Test
+    public void testFindGetter() throws Throwable {
+        startTest("findGetter");
+        testGetter(TEST_FIND_FIELD);
+    }
+    @Test
+    public void testFindStaticGetter() throws Throwable {
+        startTest("findStaticGetter");
+        testGetter(TEST_FIND_STATIC_FIELD);
+    }
+    public void testGetter(int testMode) throws Throwable {
+        Lookup lookup = PRIVATE;  // FIXME: test more lookups than this one
+        for (Object[] c : HasFields.CASES) {
+            Field f = (Field)c[0];
+            Object value = c[1];
+            Class<?> type = f.getType();
+            testGetter(lookup, f, type, value, testMode);
+        }
+    }
+    public void testGetter(MethodHandles.Lookup lookup,
+            Field f, Class<?> type, Object value, int testMode) throws Throwable {
+        boolean isStatic = Modifier.isStatic(f.getModifiers());
+        Class<?> fclass = f.getDeclaringClass();
+        String   fname  = f.getName();
+        Class<?> ftype  = f.getType();
+        if (!testModeMatches(testMode, isStatic))  return;
+        countTest(true);
+        MethodType expType = MethodType.methodType(type, HasFields.class);
+        if (isStatic)  expType = expType.dropParameterTypes(0, 1);
+        MethodHandle mh = lookup.unreflectGetter(f);
+        assertSame(mh.type(), expType);
+        assertNameStringContains(mh, fname);
+        HasFields fields = new HasFields();
+        Object sawValue;
+        Class<?> rtype = type;
+        if (type != int.class)  rtype = Object.class;
+        mh = MethodHandles.convertArguments(mh, mh.type().generic().changeReturnType(rtype));
+        Object expValue = value;
+        for (int i = 0; i <= 1; i++) {
+            if (isStatic) {
+                if (type == int.class)
+                    sawValue = (int) mh.invokeExact();  // do these exactly
+                else
+                    sawValue = mh.invokeExact();
+            } else {
+                if (type == int.class)
+                    sawValue = (int) mh.invokeExact((Object) fields);
+                else
+                    sawValue = mh.invokeExact((Object) fields);
+            }
+            assertEquals(sawValue, expValue);
+            Object random = randomArg(type);
+            f.set(fields, random);
+            expValue = random;
+        }
+        f.set(fields, value);  // put it back
+    }
+
+
+    @Test
+    public void testUnreflectSetter() throws Throwable {
+        startTest("unreflectSetter");
+        testSetter(TEST_UNREFLECT);
+    }
+    @Test
+    public void testFindSetter() throws Throwable {
+        startTest("findSetter");
+        testSetter(TEST_FIND_FIELD);
+    }
+    @Test
+    public void testFindStaticSetter() throws Throwable {
+        startTest("findStaticSetter");
+        testSetter(TEST_FIND_STATIC_FIELD);
+    }
+    public void testSetter(int testMode) throws Throwable {
+        Lookup lookup = PRIVATE;  // FIXME: test more lookups than this one
+        startTest("unreflectSetter");
+        for (Object[] c : HasFields.CASES) {
+            Field f = (Field)c[0];
+            Object value = c[1];
+            Class<?> type = f.getType();
+            testSetter(lookup, f, type, value, testMode);
+        }
+    }
+    public void testSetter(MethodHandles.Lookup lookup,
+            Field f, Class<?> type, Object value, int testMode) throws Throwable {
+        boolean isStatic = Modifier.isStatic(f.getModifiers());
+        Class<?> fclass = f.getDeclaringClass();
+        String   fname  = f.getName();
+        Class<?> ftype  = f.getType();
+        if (!testModeMatches(testMode, isStatic))  return;
+        countTest(true);
+        MethodType expType = MethodType.methodType(void.class, HasFields.class, type);
+        if (isStatic)  expType = expType.dropParameterTypes(0, 1);
+        MethodHandle mh;
+        if (testMode == TEST_UNREFLECT)
+            mh = lookup.unreflectSetter(f);
+        else if (testMode == TEST_FIND_FIELD)
+            mh = lookup.findSetter(fclass, fname, ftype);
+        else if (testMode == TEST_FIND_STATIC_FIELD)
+            mh = lookup.findStaticSetter(fclass, fname, ftype);
+        else  throw new InternalError();
+        assertSame(mh.type(), expType);
+        assertNameStringContains(mh, fname);
+        HasFields fields = new HasFields();
+        Object sawValue;
+        Class<?> vtype = type;
+        if (type != int.class)  vtype = Object.class;
+        int last = mh.type().parameterCount() - 1;
+        mh = MethodHandles.convertArguments(mh, mh.type().generic().changeReturnType(void.class).changeParameterType(last, vtype));
+        assertEquals(f.get(fields), value);  // clean to start with
+        for (int i = 0; i <= 1; i++) {
+            Object putValue = randomArg(type);
+            if (isStatic) {
+                if (type == int.class)
+                    mh.invokeExact((int)putValue);  // do these exactly
+                else
+                    mh.invokeExact(putValue);
+            } else {
+                if (type == int.class)
+                    mh.invokeExact((Object) fields, (int)putValue);
+                else
+                    mh.invokeExact((Object) fields, putValue);
+            }
+            assertEquals(f.get(fields), putValue);
+        }
+        f.set(fields, value);  // put it back
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testArrayElementGetter() throws Throwable {
+        startTest("arrayElementGetter");
+        testArrayElementGetterSetter(false);
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testArrayElementSetter() throws Throwable {
+        startTest("arrayElementSetter");
+        testArrayElementGetterSetter(true);
+    }
+
+    public void testArrayElementGetterSetter(boolean testSetter) throws Throwable {
+        testArrayElementGetterSetter(new Object[10], testSetter);
+        testArrayElementGetterSetter(new String[10], testSetter);
+        testArrayElementGetterSetter(new boolean[10], testSetter);
+        testArrayElementGetterSetter(new byte[10], testSetter);
+        testArrayElementGetterSetter(new char[10], testSetter);
+        testArrayElementGetterSetter(new short[10], testSetter);
+        testArrayElementGetterSetter(new int[10], testSetter);
+        testArrayElementGetterSetter(new float[10], testSetter);
+        testArrayElementGetterSetter(new long[10], testSetter);
+        testArrayElementGetterSetter(new double[10], testSetter);
+    }
+
+    public void testArrayElementGetterSetter(Object array, boolean testSetter) throws Throwable {
+        countTest(true);
+        if (verbosity >= 2)  System.out.println("array type = "+array.getClass().getComponentType().getName()+"["+Array.getLength(array)+"]");
+        Class<?> arrayType = array.getClass();
+        Class<?> elemType = arrayType.getComponentType();
+        MethodType expType = !testSetter
+                ? MethodType.methodType(elemType,   arrayType, int.class)
+                : MethodType.methodType(void.class, arrayType, int.class, elemType);
+        MethodHandle mh = !testSetter
+                ? MethodHandles.arrayElementGetter(arrayType)
+                : MethodHandles.arrayElementSetter(arrayType);
+        assertSame(mh.type(), expType);
+        if (elemType != int.class && elemType != boolean.class) {
+            MethodType gtype;
+            if (true) { // FIXME: remove this path (and remove <void> below in the mh.invokes)
+                gtype = mh.type().changeParameterType(0, Object.class);
+                if (testSetter)
+                    gtype = gtype.changeParameterType(2, Object.class);
+                else
+                    gtype = gtype.changeReturnType(Object.class);
+            } else
+                // FIXME: This simpler path hits a bug in convertArguments => ToGeneric
+                gtype = mh.type().generic().changeParameterType(1, int.class);
+            mh = MethodHandles.convertArguments(mh, gtype);
+        }
+        Object sawValue, expValue;
+        List<Object> model = array2list(array);
+        int length = Array.getLength(array);
+        for (int i = 0; i < length; i++) {
+            // update array element
+            Object random = randomArg(elemType);
+            model.set(i, random);
+            if (testSetter) {
+                if (elemType == int.class)
+                    mh.invokeExact((int[]) array, i, (int)random);
+                else if (elemType == boolean.class)
+                    mh.invokeExact((boolean[]) array, i, (boolean)random);
+                else
+                    mh.invokeExact(array, i, random);
+                assertEquals(model, array2list(array));
+            } else {
+                Array.set(array, i, random);
+            }
+            if (verbosity >= 5) {
+                List<Object> array2list = array2list(array);
+                System.out.println("a["+i+"]="+random+" => "+array2list);
+                if (!array2list.equals(model))
+                    System.out.println("***   != "+model);
+            }
+            // observe array element
+            sawValue = Array.get(array, i);
+            if (!testSetter) {
+                expValue = sawValue;
+                if (elemType == int.class)
+                    sawValue = (int) mh.invokeExact((int[]) array, i);
+                else if (elemType == boolean.class)
+                    sawValue = (boolean) mh.invokeExact((boolean[]) array, i);
+                else
+                    sawValue = mh.invokeExact(array, i);
+                assertEquals(sawValue, expValue);
+                assertEquals(model, array2list(array));
+            }
+        }
+    }
+
+    List<Object> array2list(Object array) {
+        int length = Array.getLength(array);
+        ArrayList<Object> model = new ArrayList<Object>(length);
+        for (int i = 0; i < length; i++)
+            model.add(Array.get(array, i));
+        return model;
+    }
+
+    static class Callee {
+        static Object id() { return called("id"); }
+        static Object id(Object x) { return called("id", x); }
+        static Object id(Object x, Object y) { return called("id", x, y); }
+        static Object id(Object x, Object y, Object z) { return called("id", x, y, z); }
+        static Object id(Object... vx) { return called("id", vx); }
+        static MethodHandle ofType(int n) {
+            return ofType(Object.class, n);
+        }
+        static MethodHandle ofType(Class<?> rtype, int n) {
+            if (n == -1)
+                return ofType(MethodType.methodType(rtype, Object[].class));
+            return ofType(MethodType.genericMethodType(n).changeReturnType(rtype));
+        }
+        static MethodHandle ofType(Class<?> rtype, Class<?>... ptypes) {
+            return ofType(MethodType.methodType(rtype, ptypes));
+        }
+        static MethodHandle ofType(MethodType type) {
+            Class<?> rtype = type.returnType();
+            String pfx = "";
+            if (rtype != Object.class)
+                pfx = rtype.getSimpleName().substring(0, 1).toLowerCase();
+            String name = pfx+"id";
+            try {
+                return PRIVATE.findStatic(Callee.class, name, type);
+            } catch (Exception ex) {
+                throw new RuntimeException(ex);
+            }
+        }
+    }
+
+    static MethodHandle typeHandler2(MethodHandle target, MethodType newType) {
+        MethodType oldType = target.type();
+        int oldArity = oldType.parameterCount();
+        int newArity = newType.parameterCount();
+        if (newArity < oldArity)
+            return MethodHandles.insertArguments(target, oldArity, "OPTIONAL");
+        else if (newArity > oldArity)
+            return MethodHandles.dropArguments(target, oldArity-1, newType.parameterType(oldArity-1));
+        else
+            return target;  // attempt no further conversions
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testConvertArguments() throws Throwable {
+        if (CAN_SKIP_WORKING)  return;
+        startTest("convertArguments");
+        testConvert(Callee.ofType(1), null, "id", int.class);
+        testConvert(Callee.ofType(1), null, "id", String.class);
+        testConvert(Callee.ofType(1), null, "id", Integer.class);
+        testConvert(Callee.ofType(1), null, "id", short.class);
+        testConvert(Callee.ofType(1), null, "id", char.class);
+        testConvert(Callee.ofType(1), null, "id", byte.class);
+    }
+
+    void testConvert(MethodHandle id, Class<?> rtype, String name, Class<?>... params) throws Throwable {
+        testConvert(true, false, id, rtype, name, params);
+        testConvert(true, true,  id, rtype, name, params);
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testTypeHandler() throws Throwable {
+        MethodHandle id = Callee.ofType(1);
+        MethodHandle th2 = PRIVATE.findStatic(MethodHandlesTest.class, "typeHandler2",
+                               MethodType.methodType(MethodHandle.class, MethodHandle.class, MethodType.class));
+        MethodHandle id2 = id.withTypeHandler(th2);
+        testConvert(true,  false, id2, null, "id", Object.class);
+        testConvert(true,  true,  id2, null, "id", Object.class);
+        if (true)  return;  //FIXME
+        testConvert(true,  false, id2, null, "id", String.class);  // FIXME: throws WMT
+        testConvert(false, true,  id2, null, "id", String.class);  // FIXME: should not succeed
+        testConvert(false, false, id2, null, "id", Object.class, String.class); //FIXME: array[1] line 1164
+        testConvert(true,  true,  id2, null, "id", Object.class, String.class);
+        testConvert(false, false, id2, null, "id");
+        testConvert(true,  true,  id2, null, "id");
+    }
+
+    void testConvert(boolean positive, boolean useAsType,
+                     MethodHandle id, Class<?> rtype, String name, Class<?>... params) throws Throwable {
+        countTest(positive);
+        MethodType idType = id.type();
+        if (rtype == null)  rtype = idType.returnType();
+        for (int i = 0; i < params.length; i++) {
+            if (params[i] == null)  params[i] = idType.parameterType(i);
+        }
+        // simulate the pairwise conversion
+        MethodType newType = MethodType.methodType(rtype, params);
+        Object[] args = randomArgs(newType.parameterArray());
+        Object[] convArgs = args.clone();
+        for (int i = 0; i < args.length; i++) {
+            Class<?> src = newType.parameterType(i);
+            Class<?> dst = idType.parameterType(i);
+            if (src != dst)
+                convArgs[i] = castToWrapper(convArgs[i], dst);
+        }
+        Object convResult = id.invokeWithArguments(convArgs);
+        {
+            Class<?> dst = newType.returnType();
+            Class<?> src = idType.returnType();
+            if (src != dst)
+                convResult = castToWrapper(convResult, dst);
+        }
+        MethodHandle target = null;
+        RuntimeException error = null;
+        try {
+            if (useAsType)
+                target = MethodHandles.convertArguments(id, newType);
+            else
+                target = id.asType(newType);
+        } catch (RuntimeException ex) {
+            error = ex;
+        }
+        if (verbosity >= 3)
+            System.out.println("convert "+id+ " to "+newType+" => "+target
+                    +(error == null ? "" : " !! "+error));
+        if (positive && error != null)  throw error;
+        assertEquals(positive ? "positive test" : "negative test erroneously passed", positive, target != null);
+        if (!positive)  return; // negative test failed as expected
+        assertEquals(newType, target.type());
+        printCalled(target, id.toString(), args);
+        Object result = target.invokeWithArguments(args);
+        assertCalled(name, convArgs);
+        assertEquals(convResult, result);
+        if (verbosity >= 1)
+            System.out.print(':');
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testPermuteArguments() throws Throwable {
+        if (CAN_SKIP_WORKING)  return;
+        startTest("permuteArguments");
+        testPermuteArguments(4, Integer.class,  2, String.class,  0);
+        //testPermuteArguments(6, Integer.class,  0, null,         30);
+        //testPermuteArguments(4, Integer.class,  1, int.class,     6);
+    }
+    public void testPermuteArguments(int max, Class<?> type1, int t2c, Class<?> type2, int dilution) throws Throwable {
+        if (verbosity >= 2)
+            System.out.println("permuteArguments "+max+"*"+type1.getName()
+                    +(t2c==0?"":"/"+t2c+"*"+type2.getName())
+                    +(dilution > 0 ? " with dilution "+dilution : ""));
+        int t2pos = t2c == 0 ? 0 : 1;
+        for (int inargs = t2pos+1; inargs <= max; inargs++) {
+            Class<?>[] types = new Class<?>[inargs];
+            Arrays.fill(types, type1);
+            if (t2c != 0) {
+                // Fill in a middle range with type2:
+                Arrays.fill(types, t2pos, Math.min(t2pos+t2c, inargs), type2);
+            }
+            Object[] args = randomArgs(types);
+            int numcases = 1;
+            for (int outargs = 0; outargs <= max; outargs++) {
+                if (outargs - inargs >= MAX_ARG_INCREASE)  continue;
+                int[] reorder = new int[outargs];
+                int casStep = dilution + 1;
+                // Avoid some common factors:
+                while ((casStep > 2 && casStep % 2 == 0 && inargs % 2 == 0) ||
+                       (casStep > 3 && casStep % 3 == 0 && inargs % 3 == 0))
+                    casStep++;
+                for (int cas = 0; cas < numcases; cas += casStep) {
+                    for (int i = 0, c = cas; i < outargs; i++) {
+                        reorder[i] = c % inargs;
+                        c /= inargs;
+                    }
+                    testPermuteArguments(args, types, reorder);
+                }
+                numcases *= inargs;
+                if (dilution > 10 && outargs >= 4) {
+                    // Do some special patterns, which we probably missed.
+                    // Replication of a single argument or argument pair.
+                    for (int i = 0; i < inargs; i++) {
+                        Arrays.fill(reorder, i);
+                        testPermuteArguments(args, types, reorder);
+                        for (int d = 1; d <= 2; d++) {
+                            if (i + d >= inargs)  continue;
+                            for (int j = 1; j < outargs; j += 2)
+                                reorder[j] += 1;
+                            testPermuteArguments(args, types, reorder);
+                            testPermuteArguments(args, types, reverse(reorder));
+                        }
+                    }
+                    // Repetition of a sequence of 3 or more arguments.
+                    for (int i = 1; i < inargs; i++) {
+                        for (int len = 3; len <= inargs; len++) {
+                            for (int j = 0; j < outargs; j++)
+                                reorder[j] = (i + (j % len)) % inargs;
+                            testPermuteArguments(args, types, reorder);
+                            testPermuteArguments(args, types, reverse(reorder));
+                        }
+                    }
+                }
+            }
+        }
+    }
+
+    static int[] reverse(int[] reorder) {
+        reorder = reorder.clone();
+        for (int i = 0, imax = reorder.length / 2; i < imax; i++) {
+            int j = reorder.length - 1 - i;
+            int tem = reorder[i];
+            reorder[i] = reorder[j];
+            reorder[j] = tem;
+        }
+        return reorder;
+    }
+
+    void testPermuteArguments(Object[] args, Class<?>[] types, int[] reorder) throws Throwable {
+        countTest();
+        if (args == null && types == null) {
+            int max = 0;
+            for (int j : reorder) {
+                if (max < j)  max = j;
+            }
+            args = randomArgs(max+1, Integer.class);
+        }
+        if (args == null) {
+            args = randomArgs(types);
+        }
+        if (types == null) {
+            types = new Class<?>[args.length];
+            for (int i = 0; i < args.length; i++)
+                types[i] = args[i].getClass();
+        }
+        int inargs = args.length, outargs = reorder.length;
+        assert(inargs == types.length);
+        if (verbosity >= 3)
+            System.out.println("permuteArguments "+Arrays.toString(reorder));
+        Object[] permArgs = new Object[outargs];
+        Class<?>[] permTypes = new Class<?>[outargs];
+        for (int i = 0; i < outargs; i++) {
+            permArgs[i] = args[reorder[i]];
+            permTypes[i] = types[reorder[i]];
+        }
+        if (verbosity >= 4) {
+            System.out.println("in args:   "+Arrays.asList(args));
+            System.out.println("out args:  "+Arrays.asList(permArgs));
+            System.out.println("in types:  "+Arrays.asList(types));
+            System.out.println("out types: "+Arrays.asList(permTypes));
+        }
+        MethodType inType  = MethodType.methodType(Object.class, types);
+        MethodType outType = MethodType.methodType(Object.class, permTypes);
+        MethodHandle target = MethodHandles.convertArguments(ValueConversions.varargsList(outargs), outType);
+        MethodHandle newTarget = MethodHandles.permuteArguments(target, inType, reorder);
+        Object result = newTarget.invokeWithArguments(args);
+        Object expected = Arrays.asList(permArgs);
+        assertEquals(expected, result);
+    }
+
+
+    @Test
+    public void testSpreadArguments() throws Throwable {
+        if (CAN_SKIP_WORKING)  return;
+        startTest("spreadArguments");
+        for (Class<?> argType : new Class[]{Object.class, Integer.class, int.class}) {
+            if (verbosity >= 3)
+                System.out.println("spreadArguments "+argType);
+            // FIXME: enable _adapter_spread_args and fix Fail_2
+            for (int nargs = 0; nargs < 10; nargs++) {
+                if (argType == int.class && nargs >= 6)  continue; // FIXME Fail_1
+                for (int pos = 0; pos < nargs; pos++) {
+                    if (argType == int.class && pos > 0)  continue; // FIXME Fail_3
+                     testSpreadArguments(argType, pos, nargs);
+                }
+            }
+        }
+    }
+    public void testSpreadArguments(Class<?> argType, int pos, int nargs) throws Throwable {
+        countTest();
+        MethodHandle target = ValueConversions.varargsArray(nargs);
+        MethodHandle target2 = changeArgTypes(target, argType);
+        if (verbosity >= 3)
+            System.out.println("spread into "+target2+" ["+pos+".."+nargs+"]");
+        Object[] args = randomArgs(target2.type().parameterArray());
+        // make sure the target does what we think it does:
+        if (pos == 0 && nargs < 5) {
+            Object[] check = (Object[]) target.invokeWithArguments(args);
+            assertArrayEquals(args, check);
+            switch (nargs) {
+                case 0:
+                    check = (Object[]) target.invokeExact();
+                    assertArrayEquals(args, check);
+                    break;
+                case 1:
+                    check = (Object[]) target.invokeExact(args[0]);
+                    assertArrayEquals(args, check);
+                    break;
+                case 2:
+                    check = (Object[]) target.invokeExact(args[0], args[1]);
+                    assertArrayEquals(args, check);
+                    break;
+            }
+        }
+        List<Class<?>> newParams = new ArrayList<Class<?>>(target2.type().parameterList());
+        {   // modify newParams in place
+            List<Class<?>> spreadParams = newParams.subList(pos, nargs);
+            spreadParams.clear(); spreadParams.add(Object[].class);
+        }
+        MethodType newType = MethodType.methodType(Object.class, newParams);
+        MethodHandle result = MethodHandles.spreadArguments(target2, newType);
+        Object[] returnValue;
+        if (pos == 0) {
+            // In the following line, the first cast implies
+            // normal Object return value for the MH call (Object[])->Object,
+            // while the second cast dynamically converts to an Object array.
+            // Such a double cast is typical of MH.invokeExact.
+            returnValue = (Object[]) (Object) result.invokeExact(args);
+        } else {
+            Object[] args1 = Arrays.copyOfRange(args, 0, pos+1);
+            args1[pos] = Arrays.copyOfRange(args, pos, args.length);
+            returnValue = (Object[]) result.invokeWithArguments(args1);
+        }
+        assertArrayEquals(args, returnValue);
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testCollectArguments() throws Throwable {
+        if (CAN_SKIP_WORKING)  return;
+        startTest("collectArguments");
+        for (Class<?> argType : new Class[]{Object.class, Integer.class, int.class}) {
+            if (verbosity >= 3)
+                System.out.println("collectArguments "+argType);
+            for (int nargs = 0; nargs < 10; nargs++) {
+                for (int pos = 0; pos < nargs; pos++) {
+                    if (argType == int.class)  continue; // FIXME Fail_4
+                    testCollectArguments(argType, pos, nargs);
+                }
+            }
+        }
+    }
+    public void testCollectArguments(Class<?> argType, int pos, int nargs) throws Throwable {
+        countTest();
+        // fake up a MH with the same type as the desired adapter:
+        MethodHandle fake = ValueConversions.varargsArray(nargs);
+        fake = changeArgTypes(fake, argType);
+        MethodType newType = fake.type();
+        Object[] args = randomArgs(newType.parameterArray());
+        // here is what should happen:
+        Object[] collectedArgs = Arrays.copyOfRange(args, 0, pos+1);
+        collectedArgs[pos] = Arrays.copyOfRange(args, pos, args.length);
+        // here is the MH which will witness the collected argument tail:
+        MethodHandle target = ValueConversions.varargsArray(pos+1);
+        target = changeArgTypes(target, 0, pos, argType);
+        target = changeArgTypes(target, pos, pos+1, Object[].class);
+        if (verbosity >= 3)
+            System.out.println("collect from "+Arrays.asList(args)+" ["+pos+".."+nargs+"]");
+        MethodHandle result = MethodHandles.collectArguments(target, newType);
+        Object[] returnValue = (Object[]) result.invokeWithArguments(args);
+//        assertTrue(returnValue.length == pos+1 && returnValue[pos] instanceof Object[]);
+//        returnValue[pos] = Arrays.asList((Object[]) returnValue[pos]);
+//        collectedArgs[pos] = Arrays.asList((Object[]) collectedArgs[pos]);
+        assertArrayEquals(collectedArgs, returnValue);
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testInsertArguments() throws Throwable {
+        if (CAN_SKIP_WORKING)  return;
+        startTest("insertArguments");
+        for (int nargs = 0; nargs <= 4; nargs++) {
+            for (int ins = 0; ins <= 4; ins++) {
+                if (ins > MAX_ARG_INCREASE)  continue;  // FIXME Fail_6
+                for (int pos = 0; pos <= nargs; pos++) {
+                    testInsertArguments(nargs, pos, ins);
+                }
+            }
+        }
+    }
+
+    void testInsertArguments(int nargs, int pos, int ins) throws Throwable {
+        countTest();
+        MethodHandle target = ValueConversions.varargsArray(nargs + ins);
+        Object[] args = randomArgs(target.type().parameterArray());
+        List<Object> resList = Arrays.asList(args);
+        List<Object> argsToPass = new ArrayList<Object>(resList);
+        List<Object> argsToInsert = argsToPass.subList(pos, pos + ins);
+        if (verbosity >= 3)
+            System.out.println("insert: "+argsToInsert+" into "+target);
+        MethodHandle target2 = MethodHandles.insertArguments(target, pos,
+                (Object[]) argsToInsert.toArray());
+        argsToInsert.clear();  // remove from argsToInsert
+        Object res2 = target2.invokeWithArguments(argsToPass);
+        Object res2List = Arrays.asList((Object[])res2);
+        if (verbosity >= 3)
+            System.out.println("result: "+res2List);
+        //if (!resList.equals(res2List))
+        //    System.out.println("*** fail at n/p/i = "+nargs+"/"+pos+"/"+ins+": "+resList+" => "+res2List);
+        assertEquals(resList, res2List);
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testFilterArguments() throws Throwable {
+        if (CAN_SKIP_WORKING)  return;
+        startTest("filterArguments");
+        for (int nargs = 1; nargs <= 6; nargs++) {
+            for (int pos = 0; pos < nargs; pos++) {
+                testFilterArguments(nargs, pos);
+            }
+        }
+    }
+
+    void testFilterArguments(int nargs, int pos) throws Throwable {
+        countTest();
+        MethodHandle target = ValueConversions.varargsList(nargs);
+        MethodHandle filter = ValueConversions.varargsList(1);
+        filter = MethodHandles.convertArguments(filter, filter.type().generic());
+        Object[] argsToPass = randomArgs(nargs, Object.class);
+        if (verbosity >= 3)
+            System.out.println("filter "+target+" at "+pos+" with "+filter);
+        MethodHandle target2 = MethodHandles.filterArguments(target, pos, filter);
+        // Simulate expected effect of filter on arglist:
+        Object[] filteredArgs = argsToPass.clone();
+        filteredArgs[pos] = filter.invokeExact(filteredArgs[pos]);
+        List<Object> expected = Arrays.asList(filteredArgs);
+        Object result = target2.invokeWithArguments(argsToPass);
+        if (verbosity >= 3)
+            System.out.println("result: "+result);
+        if (!expected.equals(result))
+            System.out.println("*** fail at n/p = "+nargs+"/"+pos+": "+argsToPass+" => "+result);
+        assertEquals(expected, result);
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testFoldArguments() throws Throwable {
+        if (CAN_SKIP_WORKING)  return;
+        startTest("foldArguments");
+        for (int nargs = 0; nargs <= 4; nargs++) {
+            for (int fold = 0; fold <= nargs; fold++) {
+                for (int pos = 0; pos <= nargs; pos++) {
+                    testFoldArguments(nargs, pos, fold);
+                }
+            }
+        }
+    }
+
+    void testFoldArguments(int nargs, int pos, int fold) throws Throwable {
+        if (pos != 0)  return;  // can fold only at pos=0 for now
+        countTest();
+        MethodHandle target = ValueConversions.varargsList(1 + nargs);
+        MethodHandle combine = ValueConversions.varargsList(fold).asType(MethodType.genericMethodType(fold));
+        List<Object> argsToPass = Arrays.asList(randomArgs(nargs, Object.class));
+        if (verbosity >= 3)
+            System.out.println("fold "+target+" with "+combine);
+        MethodHandle target2 = MethodHandles.foldArguments(target, combine);
+        // Simulate expected effect of combiner on arglist:
+        List<Object> expected = new ArrayList<Object>(argsToPass);
+        List<Object> argsToFold = expected.subList(pos, pos + fold);
+        if (verbosity >= 3)
+            System.out.println("fold: "+argsToFold+" into "+target2);
+        Object foldedArgs = combine.invokeWithArguments(argsToFold);
+        argsToFold.add(0, foldedArgs);
+        Object result = target2.invokeWithArguments(argsToPass);
+        if (verbosity >= 3)
+            System.out.println("result: "+result);
+        if (!expected.equals(result))
+            System.out.println("*** fail at n/p/f = "+nargs+"/"+pos+"/"+fold+": "+argsToPass+" => "+result);
+        assertEquals(expected, result);
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testDropArguments() throws Throwable {
+        if (CAN_SKIP_WORKING)  return;
+        startTest("dropArguments");
+        for (int nargs = 0; nargs <= 4; nargs++) {
+            for (int drop = 1; drop <= 4; drop++) {
+                for (int pos = 0; pos <= nargs; pos++) {
+                    testDropArguments(nargs, pos, drop);
+                }
+            }
+        }
+    }
+
+    void testDropArguments(int nargs, int pos, int drop) throws Throwable {
+        countTest();
+        MethodHandle target = ValueConversions.varargsArray(nargs);
+        Object[] args = randomArgs(target.type().parameterArray());
+        MethodHandle target2 = MethodHandles.dropArguments(target, pos,
+                Collections.nCopies(drop, Object.class).toArray(new Class[0]));
+        List<Object> resList = Arrays.asList(args);
+        List<Object> argsToDrop = new ArrayList<Object>(resList);
+        for (int i = drop; i > 0; i--) {
+            argsToDrop.add(pos, "blort#"+i);
+        }
+        Object res2 = target2.invokeWithArguments(argsToDrop);
+        Object res2List = Arrays.asList((Object[])res2);
+        //if (!resList.equals(res2List))
+        //    System.out.println("*** fail at n/p/d = "+nargs+"/"+pos+"/"+drop+": "+argsToDrop+" => "+res2List);
+        assertEquals(resList, res2List);
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testInvokers() throws Throwable {
+        if (CAN_SKIP_WORKING)  return;
+        startTest("exactInvoker, genericInvoker, varargsInvoker, dynamicInvoker");
+        // exactInvoker, genericInvoker, varargsInvoker[0..N], dynamicInvoker
+        Set<MethodType> done = new HashSet<MethodType>();
+        for (int i = 0; i <= 6; i++) {
+            MethodType gtype = MethodType.genericMethodType(i);
+            for (Class<?> argType : new Class[]{Object.class, Integer.class, int.class}) {
+                for (int j = -1; j < i; j++) {
+                    MethodType type = gtype;
+                    if (j < 0)
+                        type = type.changeReturnType(argType);
+                    else if (argType == void.class)
+                        continue;
+                    else
+                        type = type.changeParameterType(j, argType);
+                    if (argType.isPrimitive() && j != i-1)  continue; // FIXME Fail_5
+                    if (done.add(type))
+                        testInvokers(type);
+                    MethodType vtype = type.changeReturnType(void.class);
+                    if (done.add(vtype))
+                        testInvokers(vtype);
+                }
+            }
+        }
+    }
+
+    public void testInvokers(MethodType type) throws Throwable {
+        if (verbosity >= 3)
+            System.out.println("test invokers for "+type);
+        int nargs = type.parameterCount();
+        boolean testRetCode = type.returnType() != void.class;
+        MethodHandle target = PRIVATE.findStatic(MethodHandlesTest.class, "invokee",
+                                MethodType.genericMethodType(0, true));
+        target = MethodHandles.collectArguments(target, type);
+        Object[] args = randomArgs(type.parameterArray());
+        List<Object> targetPlusArgs = new ArrayList<Object>(Arrays.asList(args));
+        targetPlusArgs.add(0, target);
+        int code = (Integer) invokee(args);
+        Object log = logEntry("invokee", args);
+        assertEquals(log.hashCode(), code);
+        assertCalled("invokee", args);
+        MethodHandle inv;
+        Object result;
+        // exact invoker
+        countTest();
+        calledLog.clear();
+        inv = MethodHandles.exactInvoker(type);
+        result = inv.invokeWithArguments(targetPlusArgs);
+        if (testRetCode)  assertEquals(code, result);
+        assertCalled("invokee", args);
+        // generic invoker
+        countTest();
+        inv = MethodHandles.genericInvoker(type);
+        if (nargs <= 3) {
+            calledLog.clear();
+            switch (nargs) {
+            case 0:
+                result = inv.invokeExact(target);
+                break;
+            case 1:
+                result = inv.invokeExact(target, args[0]);
+                break;
+            case 2:
+                result = inv.invokeExact(target, args[0], args[1]);
+                break;
+            case 3:
+                result = inv.invokeExact(target, args[0], args[1], args[2]);
+                break;
+            }
+            if (testRetCode)  assertEquals(code, result);
+            assertCalled("invokee", args);
+        }
+        calledLog.clear();
+        result = inv.invokeWithArguments(targetPlusArgs);
+        if (testRetCode)  assertEquals(code, result);
+        assertCalled("invokee", args);
+        // varargs invoker #0
+        calledLog.clear();
+        inv = MethodHandles.varargsInvoker(type, 0);
+        result = inv.invokeExact(target, args);
+        if (testRetCode)  assertEquals(code, result);
+        assertCalled("invokee", args);
+        if (nargs >= 1) {
+            // varargs invoker #1
+            calledLog.clear();
+            inv = MethodHandles.varargsInvoker(type, 1);
+            result = inv.invokeExact(target, args[0], Arrays.copyOfRange(args, 1, nargs));
+            if (testRetCode)  assertEquals(code, result);
+            assertCalled("invokee", args);
+        }
+        if (nargs >= 2) {
+            // varargs invoker #2
+            calledLog.clear();
+            inv = MethodHandles.varargsInvoker(type, 2);
+            result = inv.invokeExact(target, args[0], args[1], Arrays.copyOfRange(args, 2, nargs));
+            if (testRetCode)  assertEquals(code, result);
+            assertCalled("invokee", args);
+        }
+        if (nargs >= 3) {
+            // varargs invoker #3
+            calledLog.clear();
+            inv = MethodHandles.varargsInvoker(type, 3);
+            result = inv.invokeExact(target, args[0], args[1], args[2], Arrays.copyOfRange(args, 3, nargs));
+            if (testRetCode)  assertEquals(code, result);
+            assertCalled("invokee", args);
+        }
+        for (int k = 0; k <= nargs; k++) {
+            // varargs invoker #0..N
+            countTest();
+            calledLog.clear();
+            inv = MethodHandles.varargsInvoker(type, k);
+            List<Object> targetPlusVarArgs = new ArrayList<Object>(targetPlusArgs);
+            List<Object> tailList = targetPlusVarArgs.subList(1+k, 1+nargs);
+            Object[] tail = tailList.toArray();
+            tailList.clear(); tailList.add(tail);
+            result = inv.invokeWithArguments(targetPlusVarArgs);
+            if (testRetCode)  assertEquals(code, result);
+            assertCalled("invokee", args);
+        }
+
+        // dynamic invoker
+        countTest();
+        CallSite site = new MutableCallSite(type);
+        inv = site.dynamicInvoker();
+
+        // see if we get the result of the original target:
+        try {
+            result = inv.invokeWithArguments(args);
+            assertTrue("should not reach here", false);
+        } catch (IllegalStateException ex) {
+            String msg = ex.getMessage();
+            assertTrue(msg, msg.contains("site"));
+        }
+
+        // set new target after invoker is created, to make sure we track target
+        site.setTarget(target);
+        calledLog.clear();
+        result = inv.invokeWithArguments(args);
+        if (testRetCode)  assertEquals(code, result);
+        assertCalled("invokee", args);
+    }
+
+    static Object invokee(Object... args) {
+        return called("invokee", args).hashCode();
+    }
+
+    private static final String MISSING_ARG = "missingArg";
+    static Object targetIfEquals() {
+        return called("targetIfEquals");
+    }
+    static Object fallbackIfNotEquals() {
+        return called("fallbackIfNotEquals");
+    }
+    static Object targetIfEquals(Object x) {
+        assertEquals(x, MISSING_ARG);
+        return called("targetIfEquals", x);
+    }
+    static Object fallbackIfNotEquals(Object x) {
+        assertFalse(x.toString(), x.equals(MISSING_ARG));
+        return called("fallbackIfNotEquals", x);
+    }
+    static Object targetIfEquals(Object x, Object y) {
+        assertEquals(x, y);
+        return called("targetIfEquals", x, y);
+    }
+    static Object fallbackIfNotEquals(Object x, Object y) {
+        assertFalse(x.toString(), x.equals(y));
+        return called("fallbackIfNotEquals", x, y);
+    }
+    static Object targetIfEquals(Object x, Object y, Object z) {
+        assertEquals(x, y);
+        return called("targetIfEquals", x, y, z);
+    }
+    static Object fallbackIfNotEquals(Object x, Object y, Object z) {
+        assertFalse(x.toString(), x.equals(y));
+        return called("fallbackIfNotEquals", x, y, z);
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testGuardWithTest() throws Throwable {
+        if (CAN_SKIP_WORKING)  return;
+        startTest("guardWithTest");
+        for (int nargs = 0; nargs <= 3; nargs++) {
+            if (nargs != 2)  continue;  // FIXME: test more later
+            testGuardWithTest(nargs, Object.class);
+            testGuardWithTest(nargs, String.class);
+        }
+    }
+    void testGuardWithTest(int nargs, Class<?> argClass) throws Throwable {
+        countTest();
+        MethodHandle test = PRIVATE.findVirtual(Object.class, "equals", MethodType.methodType(boolean.class, Object.class));
+        MethodHandle target = PRIVATE.findStatic(MethodHandlesTest.class, "targetIfEquals", MethodType.genericMethodType(nargs));
+        MethodHandle fallback = PRIVATE.findStatic(MethodHandlesTest.class, "fallbackIfNotEquals", MethodType.genericMethodType(nargs));
+        while (test.type().parameterCount() < nargs)
+            test = MethodHandles.dropArguments(test, test.type().parameterCount()-1, Object.class);
+        while (test.type().parameterCount() > nargs)
+            test = MethodHandles.insertArguments(test, 0, MISSING_ARG);
+        if (argClass != Object.class) {
+            test = changeArgTypes(test, argClass);
+            target = changeArgTypes(target, argClass);
+            fallback = changeArgTypes(fallback, argClass);
+        }
+        MethodHandle mh = MethodHandles.guardWithTest(test, target, fallback);
+        assertEquals(target.type(), mh.type());
+        Object[][] argLists = {
+            { },
+            { "foo" }, { MISSING_ARG },
+            { "foo", "foo" }, { "foo", "bar" },
+            { "foo", "foo", "baz" }, { "foo", "bar", "baz" }
+        };
+        for (Object[] argList : argLists) {
+            if (argList.length != nargs)  continue;
+            boolean equals;
+            switch (nargs) {
+            case 0:   equals = true; break;
+            case 1:   equals = MISSING_ARG.equals(argList[0]); break;
+            default:  equals = argList[0].equals(argList[1]); break;
+            }
+            String willCall = (equals ? "targetIfEquals" : "fallbackIfNotEquals");
+            if (verbosity >= 3)
+                System.out.println(logEntry(willCall, argList));
+            Object result = mh.invokeWithArguments(argList);
+            assertCalled(willCall, argList);
+        }
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testCatchException() throws Throwable {
+        if (CAN_SKIP_WORKING)  return;
+        startTest("catchException");
+        for (int nargs = 2; nargs <= 6; nargs++) {
+            for (int ti = 0; ti <= 1; ti++) {
+                boolean throwIt = (ti != 0);
+                testCatchException(int.class, new ClassCastException("testing"), throwIt, nargs);
+                testCatchException(void.class, new java.io.IOException("testing"), throwIt, nargs);
+                testCatchException(String.class, new LinkageError("testing"), throwIt, nargs);
+            }
+        }
+    }
+
+    private static <T extends Throwable>
+    Object throwOrReturn(Object normal, T exception) throws T {
+        if (exception != null)  throw exception;
+        return normal;
+    }
+
+    void testCatchException(Class<?> returnType, Throwable thrown, boolean throwIt, int nargs) throws Throwable {
+        countTest();
+        if (verbosity >= 3)
+            System.out.println("catchException rt="+returnType+" throw="+throwIt+" nargs="+nargs);
+        Class<? extends Throwable> exType = thrown.getClass();
+        MethodHandle throwOrReturn
+                = PRIVATE.findStatic(MethodHandlesTest.class, "throwOrReturn",
+                    MethodType.methodType(Object.class, Object.class, Throwable.class));
+        MethodHandle thrower = throwOrReturn.asType(MethodType.genericMethodType(2));
+        while (thrower.type().parameterCount() < nargs)
+            thrower = MethodHandles.dropArguments(thrower, thrower.type().parameterCount(), Object.class);
+        MethodHandle catcher = ValueConversions.varargsList(1+nargs).asType(MethodType.genericMethodType(1+nargs));
+        MethodHandle target = MethodHandles.catchException(thrower,
+                thrown.getClass(), catcher);
+        assertEquals(thrower.type(), target.type());
+        //System.out.println("catching with "+target+" : "+throwOrReturn);
+        Object[] args = randomArgs(nargs, Object.class);
+        args[1] = (throwIt ? thrown : null);
+        Object returned = target.invokeWithArguments(args);
+        //System.out.println("return from "+target+" : "+returned);
+        if (!throwIt) {
+            assertSame(args[0], returned);
+        } else {
+            List<Object> catchArgs = new ArrayList<Object>(Arrays.asList(args));
+            catchArgs.add(0, thrown);
+            assertEquals(catchArgs, returned);
+        }
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testThrowException() throws Throwable {
+        if (CAN_SKIP_WORKING)  return;
+        startTest("throwException");
+        testThrowException(int.class, new ClassCastException("testing"));
+        testThrowException(void.class, new java.io.IOException("testing"));
+        testThrowException(String.class, new LinkageError("testing"));
+    }
+
+    void testThrowException(Class<?> returnType, Throwable thrown) throws Throwable {
+        countTest();
+        Class<? extends Throwable> exType = thrown.getClass();
+        MethodHandle target = MethodHandles.throwException(returnType, exType);
+        //System.out.println("throwing with "+target+" : "+thrown);
+        MethodType expectedType = MethodType.methodType(returnType, exType);
+        assertEquals(expectedType, target.type());
+        target = MethodHandles.convertArguments(target, target.type().generic());
+        Throwable caught = null;
+        try {
+            Object res = target.invokeExact((Object) thrown);
+            fail("got "+res+" instead of throwing "+thrown);
+        } catch (Throwable ex) {
+            if (ex != thrown) {
+                if (ex instanceof Error)  throw (Error)ex;
+                if (ex instanceof RuntimeException)  throw (RuntimeException)ex;
+            }
+            caught = ex;
+        }
+        assertSame(thrown, caught);
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testCastFailure() throws Throwable {
+        if (CAN_SKIP_WORKING)  return;
+        startTest("testCastFailure");
+        testCastFailure("cast/argument", 11000);
+        testCastFailure("unbox/argument", 11000);
+        testCastFailure("cast/return", 11000);
+        testCastFailure("unbox/return", 11000);
+    }
+
+    static class Surprise {
+        public MethodHandle asMethodHandle() {
+            return VALUE.bindTo(this);
+        }
+        Object value(Object x) {
+            trace("value", x);
+            if (boo != null)  return boo;
+            return x;
+        }
+        Object boo;
+        void boo(Object x) { boo = x; }
+
+        static void trace(String x, Object y) {
+            if (verbosity > 8) System.out.println(x+"="+y);
+        }
+        static Object  refIdentity(Object x)  { trace("ref.x", x); return x; }
+        static Integer boxIdentity(Integer x) { trace("box.x", x); return x; }
+        static int     intIdentity(int x)     { trace("int.x", x); return x; }
+        static MethodHandle VALUE, REF_IDENTITY, BOX_IDENTITY, INT_IDENTITY;
+        static {
+            try {
+                VALUE = PRIVATE.findVirtual(
+                    Surprise.class, "value",
+                        MethodType.methodType(Object.class, Object.class));
+                REF_IDENTITY = PRIVATE.findStatic(
+                    Surprise.class, "refIdentity",
+                        MethodType.methodType(Object.class, Object.class));
+                BOX_IDENTITY = PRIVATE.findStatic(
+                    Surprise.class, "boxIdentity",
+                        MethodType.methodType(Integer.class, Integer.class));
+                INT_IDENTITY = PRIVATE.findStatic(
+                    Surprise.class, "intIdentity",
+                        MethodType.methodType(int.class, int.class));
+            } catch (Exception ex) {
+                throw new RuntimeException(ex);
+            }
+        }
+    }
+
+    void testCastFailure(String mode, int okCount) throws Throwable {
+        countTest(false);
+        if (verbosity > 2)  System.out.println("mode="+mode);
+        Surprise boo = new Surprise();
+        MethodHandle identity = Surprise.REF_IDENTITY, surprise0 = boo.asMethodHandle(), surprise = surprise0;
+        if (mode.endsWith("/return")) {
+            if (mode.equals("unbox/return")) {
+                // fail on return to ((Integer)surprise).intValue
+                surprise = MethodHandles.convertArguments(surprise, MethodType.methodType(int.class, Object.class));
+                identity = MethodHandles.convertArguments(identity, MethodType.methodType(int.class, Object.class));
+            } else if (mode.equals("cast/return")) {
+                // fail on return to (Integer)surprise
+                surprise = MethodHandles.convertArguments(surprise, MethodType.methodType(Integer.class, Object.class));
+                identity = MethodHandles.convertArguments(identity, MethodType.methodType(Integer.class, Object.class));
+            }
+        } else if (mode.endsWith("/argument")) {
+            MethodHandle callee = null;
+            if (mode.equals("unbox/argument")) {
+                // fail on handing surprise to int argument
+                callee = Surprise.INT_IDENTITY;
+            } else if (mode.equals("cast/argument")) {
+                // fail on handing surprise to Integer argument
+                callee = Surprise.BOX_IDENTITY;
+            }
+            if (callee != null) {
+                callee = MethodHandles.convertArguments(callee, MethodType.genericMethodType(1));
+                surprise = MethodHandles.filterArguments(callee, 0, surprise);
+                identity = MethodHandles.filterArguments(callee, 0, identity);
+            }
+        }
+        assertNotSame(mode, surprise, surprise0);
+        identity = MethodHandles.convertArguments(identity, MethodType.genericMethodType(1));
+        surprise = MethodHandles.convertArguments(surprise, MethodType.genericMethodType(1));
+        Object x = 42;
+        for (int i = 0; i < okCount; i++) {
+            Object y = identity.invokeExact(x);
+            assertEquals(x, y);
+            Object z = surprise.invokeExact(x);
+            assertEquals(x, z);
+        }
+        boo.boo("Boo!");
+        Object y = identity.invokeExact(x);
+        assertEquals(x, y);
+        try {
+            Object z = surprise.invokeExact(x);
+            System.out.println("Failed to throw; got z="+z);
+            assertTrue(false);
+        } catch (Exception ex) {
+            if (verbosity > 2)
+                System.out.println("caught "+ex);
+            if (verbosity > 3)
+                ex.printStackTrace();
+            assertTrue(ex instanceof ClassCastException
+                    // FIXME: accept only one of the two for any given unit test
+                    || ex instanceof WrongMethodTypeException
+                    );
+        }
+    }
+
+    static Example userMethod(Object o, String s, int i) {
+        called("userMethod", o, s, i);
+        return null;
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testUserClassInSignature() throws Throwable {
+        if (CAN_SKIP_WORKING)  return;
+        startTest("testUserClassInSignature");
+        Lookup lookup = MethodHandles.lookup();
+        String name; MethodType mt; MethodHandle mh;
+        Object[] args;
+
+        // Try a static method.
+        name = "userMethod";
+        mt = MethodType.methodType(Example.class, Object.class, String.class, int.class);
+        mh = lookup.findStatic(lookup.lookupClass(), name, mt);
+        assertEquals(mt, mh.type());
+        assertEquals(Example.class, mh.type().returnType());
+        args = randomArgs(mh.type().parameterArray());
+        mh.invokeWithArguments(args);
+        assertCalled(name, args);
+
+        // Try a virtual method.
+        name = "v2";
+        mt = MethodType.methodType(Object.class, Object.class, int.class);
+        mh = lookup.findVirtual(Example.class, name, mt);
+        assertEquals(mt, mh.type().dropParameterTypes(0,1));
+        assertTrue(mh.type().parameterList().contains(Example.class));
+        args = randomArgs(mh.type().parameterArray());
+        mh.invokeWithArguments(args);
+        assertCalled(name, args);
+    }
+
+    static void runForRunnable() {
+        called("runForRunnable");
+    }
+    private interface Fooable {
+        Object foo(Fooable x, Object y);
+        // this is for randomArg:
+        public class Impl implements Fooable {
+            public Object foo(Fooable x, Object y) {
+                throw new RuntimeException("do not call");
+            }
+            final String name;
+            public Impl() { name = "Fooable#"+nextArg(); }
+            @Override public String toString() { return name; }
+        }
+    }
+    static Object fooForFooable(Fooable x, Object y) {
+        return called("fooForFooable", x, y);
+    }
+    private static class MyCheckedException extends Exception {
+    }
+    private interface WillThrow {
+        void willThrow() throws MyCheckedException;
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testAsInstance() throws Throwable {
+        if (CAN_SKIP_WORKING)  return;
+        Lookup lookup = MethodHandles.lookup();
+        {
+            MethodType mt = MethodType.methodType(void.class);
+            MethodHandle mh = lookup.findStatic(MethodHandlesTest.class, "runForRunnable", mt);
+            Runnable proxy = MethodHandles.asInstance(mh, Runnable.class);
+            proxy.run();
+            assertCalled("runForRunnable");
+        }
+        {
+            MethodType mt = MethodType.methodType(Object.class, Fooable.class, Object.class);
+            MethodHandle mh = lookup.findStatic(MethodHandlesTest.class, "fooForFooable", mt);
+            Fooable proxy = MethodHandles.asInstance(mh, Fooable.class);
+            Object[] args = randomArgs(mt.parameterArray());
+            Object result = proxy.foo((Fooable) args[0], args[1]);
+            assertCalled("fooForFooable", args);
+            assertEquals(result, logEntry("fooForFooable", args));
+        }
+        for (Throwable ex : new Throwable[] { new NullPointerException("ok"),
+                                              new InternalError("ok"),
+                                              new Throwable("fail"),
+                                              new Exception("fail"),
+                                              new MyCheckedException()
+                                            }) {
+            MethodHandle mh = MethodHandles.throwException(void.class, Throwable.class);
+            mh = MethodHandles.insertArguments(mh, 0, ex);
+            WillThrow proxy = MethodHandles.asInstance(mh, WillThrow.class);
+            try {
+                proxy.willThrow();
+                System.out.println("Failed to throw: "+ex);
+                assertTrue(false);
+            } catch (Throwable ex1) {
+                if (verbosity > 2) {
+                    System.out.println("throw "+ex);
+                    System.out.println("catch "+(ex == ex1 ? "UNWRAPPED" : ex1));
+                }
+                if (ex instanceof RuntimeException ||
+                    ex instanceof Error) {
+                    assertSame("must pass unchecked exception out without wrapping", ex, ex1);
+                } else if (ex instanceof MyCheckedException) {
+                    assertSame("must pass declared exception out without wrapping", ex, ex1);
+                } else {
+                    assertNotSame("must pass undeclared checked exception with wrapping", ex, ex1);
+                    UndeclaredThrowableException utex = (UndeclaredThrowableException) ex1;
+                    assertSame(ex, utex.getCause());
+                }
+            }
+        }
+        // Test error checking:
+        MethodHandle genericMH = ValueConversions.varargsArray(0);
+        genericMH = MethodHandles.convertArguments(genericMH, genericMH.type().generic());
+        for (Class<?> sam : new Class[] { Runnable.class,
+                                          Fooable.class,
+                                          Iterable.class }) {
+            try {
+                // Must throw, because none of these guys has generic type.
+                MethodHandles.asInstance(genericMH, sam);
+                System.out.println("Failed to throw");
+                assertTrue(false);
+            } catch (IllegalArgumentException ex) {
+            }
+        }
+        for (Class<?> nonSAM : new Class[] { Object.class,
+                                             String.class,
+                                             CharSequence.class,
+                                             Example.class }) {
+            try {
+                MethodHandles.asInstance(ValueConversions.varargsArray(0), nonSAM);
+                System.out.println("Failed to throw");
+                assertTrue(false);
+            } catch (IllegalArgumentException ex) {
+            }
+        }
+    }
+}
+// Local abbreviated copy of sun.dyn.util.ValueConversions
+class ValueConversions {
+    private static final Lookup IMPL_LOOKUP = MethodHandles.lookup();
+    private static final Object[] NO_ARGS_ARRAY = {};
+    private static Object[] makeArray(Object... args) { return args; }
+    private static Object[] array() { return NO_ARGS_ARRAY; }
+    private static Object[] array(Object a0)
+                { return makeArray(a0); }
+    private static Object[] array(Object a0, Object a1)
+                { return makeArray(a0, a1); }
+    private static Object[] array(Object a0, Object a1, Object a2)
+                { return makeArray(a0, a1, a2); }
+    private static Object[] array(Object a0, Object a1, Object a2, Object a3)
+                { return makeArray(a0, a1, a2, a3); }
+    private static Object[] array(Object a0, Object a1, Object a2, Object a3,
+                                  Object a4)
+                { return makeArray(a0, a1, a2, a3, a4); }
+    private static Object[] array(Object a0, Object a1, Object a2, Object a3,
+                                  Object a4, Object a5)
+                { return makeArray(a0, a1, a2, a3, a4, a5); }
+    private static Object[] array(Object a0, Object a1, Object a2, Object a3,
+                                  Object a4, Object a5, Object a6)
+                { return makeArray(a0, a1, a2, a3, a4, a5, a6); }
+    private static Object[] array(Object a0, Object a1, Object a2, Object a3,
+                                  Object a4, Object a5, Object a6, Object a7)
+                { return makeArray(a0, a1, a2, a3, a4, a5, a6, a7); }
+    private static Object[] array(Object a0, Object a1, Object a2, Object a3,
+                                  Object a4, Object a5, Object a6, Object a7,
+                                  Object a8)
+                { return makeArray(a0, a1, a2, a3, a4, a5, a6, a7, a8); }
+    private static Object[] array(Object a0, Object a1, Object a2, Object a3,
+                                  Object a4, Object a5, Object a6, Object a7,
+                                  Object a8, Object a9)
+                { return makeArray(a0, a1, a2, a3, a4, a5, a6, a7, a8, a9); }
+    static MethodHandle[] makeArrays() {
+        ArrayList<MethodHandle> arrays = new ArrayList<MethodHandle>();
+        MethodHandles.Lookup lookup = IMPL_LOOKUP;
+        for (;;) {
+            int nargs = arrays.size();
+            MethodType type = MethodType.genericMethodType(nargs).changeReturnType(Object[].class);
+            String name = "array";
+            MethodHandle array = null;
+            try {
+                array = lookup.findStatic(ValueConversions.class, name, type);
+            } catch (NoAccessException ex) {
+            }
+            if (array == null)  break;
+            arrays.add(array);
+        }
+        assert(arrays.size() == 11);  // current number of methods
+        return arrays.toArray(new MethodHandle[0]);
+    }
+    static final MethodHandle[] ARRAYS = makeArrays();
+
+    /** Return a method handle that takes the indicated number of Object
+     *  arguments and returns an Object array of them, as if for varargs.
+     */
+    public static MethodHandle varargsArray(int nargs) {
+        if (nargs < ARRAYS.length)
+            return ARRAYS[nargs];
+        // else need to spin bytecode or do something else fancy
+        throw new UnsupportedOperationException("NYI: cannot form a varargs array of length "+nargs);
+    }
+
+    private static final List<Object> NO_ARGS_LIST = Arrays.asList(NO_ARGS_ARRAY);
+    private static List<Object> makeList(Object... args) { return Arrays.asList(args); }
+    private static List<Object> list() { return NO_ARGS_LIST; }
+    private static List<Object> list(Object a0)
+                { return makeList(a0); }
+    private static List<Object> list(Object a0, Object a1)
+                { return makeList(a0, a1); }
+    private static List<Object> list(Object a0, Object a1, Object a2)
+                { return makeList(a0, a1, a2); }
+    private static List<Object> list(Object a0, Object a1, Object a2, Object a3)
+                { return makeList(a0, a1, a2, a3); }
+    private static List<Object> list(Object a0, Object a1, Object a2, Object a3,
+                                     Object a4)
+                { return makeList(a0, a1, a2, a3, a4); }
+    private static List<Object> list(Object a0, Object a1, Object a2, Object a3,
+                                     Object a4, Object a5)
+                { return makeList(a0, a1, a2, a3, a4, a5); }
+    private static List<Object> list(Object a0, Object a1, Object a2, Object a3,
+                                     Object a4, Object a5, Object a6)
+                { return makeList(a0, a1, a2, a3, a4, a5, a6); }
+    private static List<Object> list(Object a0, Object a1, Object a2, Object a3,
+                                     Object a4, Object a5, Object a6, Object a7)
+                { return makeList(a0, a1, a2, a3, a4, a5, a6, a7); }
+    private static List<Object> list(Object a0, Object a1, Object a2, Object a3,
+                                     Object a4, Object a5, Object a6, Object a7,
+                                     Object a8)
+                { return makeList(a0, a1, a2, a3, a4, a5, a6, a7, a8); }
+    private static List<Object> list(Object a0, Object a1, Object a2, Object a3,
+                                     Object a4, Object a5, Object a6, Object a7,
+                                     Object a8, Object a9)
+                { return makeList(a0, a1, a2, a3, a4, a5, a6, a7, a8, a9); }
+    static MethodHandle[] makeLists() {
+        ArrayList<MethodHandle> arrays = new ArrayList<MethodHandle>();
+        MethodHandles.Lookup lookup = IMPL_LOOKUP;
+        for (;;) {
+            int nargs = arrays.size();
+            MethodType type = MethodType.genericMethodType(nargs).changeReturnType(List.class);
+            String name = "list";
+            MethodHandle array = null;
+            try {
+                array = lookup.findStatic(ValueConversions.class, name, type);
+            } catch (NoAccessException ex) {
+            }
+            if (array == null)  break;
+            arrays.add(array);
+        }
+        assert(arrays.size() == 11);  // current number of methods
+        return arrays.toArray(new MethodHandle[0]);
+    }
+    static final MethodHandle[] LISTS = makeLists();
+
+    /** Return a method handle that takes the indicated number of Object
+     *  arguments and returns List.
+     */
+    public static MethodHandle varargsList(int nargs) {
+        if (nargs < LISTS.length)
+            return LISTS[nargs];
+        // else need to spin bytecode or do something else fancy
+        throw new UnsupportedOperationException("NYI");
+    }
+}
+// This guy tests access from outside the same package member, but inside
+// the package itself.
+class PackageSibling {
+    static Lookup lookup() {
+        return MethodHandles.lookup();
+    }
+}